sition must be dry and formal. Where it is to be animated and suited to the graces of eloquent delivery, the very language glows and burns as it is formed under the pen. But great indeed is the labour, and incessant, which is required to excite this flame.

The ancients began their toil early with the very first rudiments of education, and with the first spark of reason. All their care of youth was to form them for eloquence in all its branches. We shall pass over the other very important acquisitions so necessary for this purpose, and take a view only of those labours which they thought necessary for obtaining a just delivery. Quintilian directs that the voice of the young orators should be first modulated, by the practice of reading select passages from the best poets; making the proper distinction between the speeches (prosopopeia) and the narrative." They were then, before they were put under the care of the rhetoricians, taught the first rudiments of delivery by the grammarians, who had extended their attention beyond their proper limits." After this they were given

27 Nec prosopopœias, ut quibusdam placet, ad comicum morem pronuntiari velim; esse tamen flexum quemdam, quo distinguantur ab iis, in quibus poeta persona sua utetur. Quint. lib. i. c. 8.

28 Adjiciamus tamen eorum curæ quædam dicendi primordia, quibus ætates nondum rhetorem capientes instituant. Ib. lib. i. c. 9.

Rhetores utique nostri suas partes omiserunt et grammatici alienas occupaverunt. Nam et illi declamare modo, et scientiam declamandi ad facultatem tradere, officii sui ducunt. Ib. lib. ii. c. 1.

Veteres grammatici et rhetoricam docebant: ac multorum de utraque arte commentarii feruntur. . . . . . . Me quidem adolescentulo repeto quendam principem nomine, alternis diebus declamare, alternis disputare, nonnullis vero mane disserere, post meridiem, remoto pulpito, declamare solitum. Audiebam etiam memoria patrum, quosdam e grammaticis statim è ludo transiisse in forum, atque in numerum præstantissimorum patronorum receptos. Clari professores.... fere hi fuerunt. Sueton, de illust. Gram. c. 4.

into the management of approved players, who, under proper limitations, taught them the first rudiments of gesture and delivery; restraining the theatrical freedom within the more moderate bounds suited to the orator." When capable of reading and understanding their spirit, they were instructed to pronounce by heart select orations with suitable gesture." In order also to give freedom and grace to their gestures, the young orators frequented the palestræ; those schools in which the various gymnastic exercises were taught, of which dancing and the chironomia formed a part: these improved the person in ease and agility of motion. The palestræ are also recommended by Cicero, as essential in establishing manly and graceful gesture.

.....

31

29 Dandum aliquid comedo quoque, dum eatenus, qua pronuntiandi scientiam futurus orator desiderat. . . . . . Ne gestus quidem omnis ac motus a comœdis petendus est. Quanquam enim utrumque eorum ad quemdam modum præstare debet orator; plurimum tamen aberit a scenico, nec vultu, nec manu, nec excursionibus nimius. . . . . Debet etiam docere comœdus, quommodo narrandum, qua sit auctoritate suadendum, qua concitatione consurgat ira, qui flexus deceat miserationem. Quint. lib. i. c. 11.

....

30 Ceterum, cum legere orationes oportebit, cum virtutes earum jam sentiet, tum mi diligens aliquis ac peritus assistat; neque solum lectione formet, verum etiam ediscere electa ex his cogat, et ea dicere stantem clare, et quemadmodum agere oportebit; ut protinus pronunciatione vocem et memoriam exerceat. Quint. lib. i. c. 11.

31 Ne illos quidem reprehendendos putem, qui paulum, etiam palæstricis vacaverint. Non de his loquor, quibus pars vitæ in oleo, pars in vino consumitur; qui corporis cura mentem obruerunt (hos enim abesse ab eo quem instituimus quam longissime velim) sed nomen est ab iis, a quibus gestus motusque formantur; ut recta sint brachia, ne indoctæ rusticæve manus, ne status indecorus, ne qua in proferendis pedibus inscitia, ne caput oculique ab alia corporis inclinatione dissideant. Ib.

Horace distinguishes Mercury as the god of eloquence, attributing to him the two leading qualifications of fine delivery, the voice and graceful gesture; which he taught by the institution of the palæstra :

Mercuri facunde, nepos Atlantis,

Qui feros cultus hominum recentum
Voce formasti catus, et decoræ

Et certe quod facere oporteat non indignandum est discere; cum præsertim hæc Chirono

When sufficiently advanced in knowledge and understanding to be capable of relishing the precepts of the rhetorician, whose office it was to give the last finishing to the delivery, and to teach the art of composition, the young orator was to be committed according to Quintilian" to his care: but with this especial caution, (so honourable to his judgment and virtue,) that the rhetorician should be a man of the purest morals. The morals of all the masters, he observes, should be strictly attended to, but those of the rhetorician more than any; because at the season when youth are committed to him, they are most susceptible of impressions, and because they continued usually under his instructions to an advanced period of life. Throughout all this celebrated work of this most justly celebrated orator and critic, the love of virtue breaks out so ardently on every occasion, as to prove it to be the genuine sentiment of his excellent and well regulated mind.

mia, (quæ est ut nomine ipso declaratur) lex gestus, et ab illis temporibus heroicis orta sit, et a summis Græciæ viris et ab ipso etiam Socrate probata,* a Platone quoque in parte civilium posita virtutum et a Chrysippo in præceptis de liberorum educatione compositis non omissa.-Nam Lacedemonios quidam etiam saltationem quamdam, tanquam ad bella quoque utilem, habuisse inter exercitationes accepimus. Neque id veteribus Romanis dedecori fuit. Quint. Ibid.

Subsequi debet gestus .... laterum inflexione hac forti ac virili, non ab scena et histrionibus, sed ab armis aut etiam a palæstra. Cic. de Orat. c. 59.

32 Ergo cum ad eas in studiis vires pervenerit puer, ut quæ prima esse præcepta rhetorum diximus, mente consequi possit, tradendus ejus artis magistris erit. Quorum in primis inspici mores oportebit. Quod ego non idcirco potissimum in hac parte tractare sum aggressus, quia non in cæteris quoque doctoribus idem hoc examinandum quam diligentissime putem, sicut testatus sum in libro priore, sed quod magis necessariam ejus rei mentionem facit ætas ipsa discentium. Nam et adulti ferè pueri ad hos præceptores transferuntur, et apud eos juvenes etiam facti perseverant; ideoque major adhibenda tum cura est, ut et teneriores annos ab injuria sanctitas docentis custodiat, et ferociores a licentia gravitas deterreat. Quint. lib. ii. c. 2.

* (Α Socrate probata) τε τε σώματος αυτὸς ἐκ ἠμέλει, τῆς τε ἀμελῶντας ἐκ ἠπήνει.

Yet not contented with the frequent incidental mention, in the course of the work, of the indispensable necessity, that he who aspired at the perfection of eloquence should be a truly good man, he employs a considerable portion of his last book in more particularly insisting on this, and in directing his studies and his sentiments accordingly. The first chapter of his 12th book begins thus: "Let then the orator whom we have educated, be according to the definition of M. Cato, a good man, and well "versed in speaking. And truly the former part of his definition "is, agreeably to nature, the more important, and the greater, "that he be a good man.' To such authority we give respect almost amounting to veneration.

66

1933

From other authorities we learn that it was the custom for the Roman youth to recite weekly, chosen passages from the poets, and also to write declamations on given subjects." That it was

33 Sit ergo nobis orator, quem instituimus, is, qui à M. Catone finitur, vir bonus, dicendi peritus. Verum id, quod ille posuit prius, etiam ipsa natura potius ac majus est, utique vir bonus. Quint. lib. xii. c. 1.

All writers are sensible of the necessity of moral character to the orator, in order to give just weight to what he delivers. Aristotle had long determined this point, and places it the

first:

Τῶν δὲ διὰ τῇ λίγε πορισαμένων πίςεων τριὰ ἔιδη ἐσίν· αι μὲν γὰρ, ἐισὶν ἐν τῷ ἤθει τα λέγοντος· αι δε, ἐν τῷ τὸν ἀκροατὴν διαθεῖναί πως· αἱ δὲ, ἐν ἄντῳ τῷ λόγῳ, διὰ τὰ δεικνύναι, ἤ φαίνεσθαι δεικνύναι. Thus translated:

The credibility of an oration depends upon these circumstances: First, upon the moral character of the speaker. Secondly, upon the dispositions of the learner. And thirdly, upon the reasoning; on account of the demonstration it produces, or appears to produce. Arist. Rhet. l. i. c. 2.

3+

Trojani belli scriptorem, maxime Lolli,

Dum tu declamas Romæ.

Hor.

Nil salit Arcadico juveni, cujus mihi sexta

Quaque die miserum dirus caput Hannibal implet. Juv.

the custom among the higher classes, at their entertainments, to introduce their children during the desert, in order to amuse their company, by making them recite with suitable gesture the dialogues of Plato." That they continued to a very late period to hear the instructions of celebrated rhetoricians, and even travelled for that purpose over Greece and Asia." That they frequently employed a description of artists called Phonasci, whose sole business was to regulate the modulations of the voice, to manage it by peculiar regimen, and to administer remedies when it happened to be deranged." That to the latest part of their

35 Ιςε γὰρ (είπεν) ὅτι τῶν Πλάτωνος διαλόγων διηγηματικοὶ τινές εισιν, ὁι δὲ δραματι καὶ. τάτων ἂν τῶν δραματικῶν τὰς ἐλαφροτάτας ἐκδιδάσκονται παιδες, ὥστε ἀπὸ ςόματος λέγειν. πρόσεςι δὲ ὑπόκρισις πρέπεσα τῷ ἤθει τῶν ὑποκειμένων προσώπων, και φωνῆς πλάσμα καὶ σχῆμα, καὶ διαθέσεις ἑπόμεναι τοῖς λεγομένοις. Plut. Sympos. l. vii. p.711. Xyland.

This, Plutarch says, was a custom lately introduced at Rome.

From a fragment at the latter end of the 9th Book of Plutarch's Symposion. P. 747, Xyland.

πᾶσι νικητήριον ὀρχήσεως. ἀπεδείχθη δὲ κριτὴς μετὰ Μενίσκε τα παιδοτρίβε Λαμπρίας ὁ ἀδελφὸς. ὠρχήσατο γὰρ πιθανῶς τὴν πυρρίχην, καὶ χειρονομῶν ἐν ταις παλαίσραις ἐδόκει διαφέρειν τῶν παίδων.

36 Doctores audiebant ex omni Græcia facile primos et dicendo mirabiles, ut Molonem Rhodium M. Tullius, ut Brutus Pammenem, ut Augustus Apollodorum, ut alii alios, qui non modo vim ingenii acuerunt ad uberem copiam orationis, verum etiam gestum vocemque limarent. Neque hoc contenti labore et studio, Græciam omnem atque Asiam, ut suadæ institores negotiosi, diligentissime, studiosissimeque lustrabant. Cresoll. Prælusio.

37 Gracchi fistulam ögyavov qwváσunxov ait fuisse Plutarchus. Octavius quoque Augustus dabat assidue Phonasco operam, idque fuerat co labore consequutus, ut dulci omnia et proprio quodam oris sono pronunciaret. Galenus homo doctissimus et intelligens de se scribit, καὶ τὰς καλεμένας ὑπὸ τῶν φονασκῶν ἀναφονήσεις παρελάμβανον et quas Phonasci vocis excitationes, vociferationesque appellant assumebam. Nero princeps, qui summam curam vocis habuit et incredibilem diligentiam, nihil pene sine Phonasco, aut dicebat aut moliebatur. Cressol. Vac. Aut. p. 527.

Seneca speaking of Porcius Latro, mentions his neglect of his voice as an unusual