Imatges de pàgina
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its present anomalous state. Indeed Ceylon cinnamon, independently of other adverse influences, would be very soon driven out of the European markets by the increased use of cassia lignea as a substitute. The question of revenue will no doubt engage the attention of government, the cinnamon duty having yielded in 1833 as much as 160,0007., or about half the revenue of the island; whereas in 1841 the governor estimated it at 47,000. only, and it is doubtful if it will realise even this much,- (in fact it only realised 33,111.); so that the levying an impost so oppressive has proved as injurious to the collection of revenue as to the prosperity of the trade."

It is unnecessary to add any thing to this conclusive statement. We may mention, however, that the export duty either has been or is to be immediately reduced to 1s. per lb. But even this reduced duty will be most oppressive. A duty of 3d., or at most 4d. per lb., is the very highest that should be imposed. During the 3 years ending with 1842 the cinnamon entered for consumption, and the duties, were

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In 1842 the home consumption duty was reduced from 6d. to 3d. per lb. The price of cinnamon varies in the London market from about 4s. or 5s. per ib. (export and import duty included) to from 7s. to 10s. per lb. Subjoined is an

Account of the Quantities of Cinnamon shipped from Ceylon from 1837 to 1841 inclusive, the Amount of Duty received thereon, and the Rates of Duty. (Parl. Paper No. 186. Sess. 1843.)

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CINQUE PORTS. These are ancient trading towns, lying on the coast of Kent and Sussex, which were selected, from their proximity to France, and early superiority in navigation, to assist in protecting the realm against invasion, and vested with certain privileges by royal charter.

"The ports so privileged, as we at present account them, are Dover, Sandwich, Romney, Hastings, Hythe, and the two ancient towns of Winchelsea and Rye; although the two latter places appear to have been originally only members. The services which they were appointed to perform were either honorary, viz. assisting at the coronation and sending members to parliament; or auxiliary to the defence of the realm, as furnishing a certain supply of vessels and seamen, on being summoned to that service by the king's writ.

"In process of time the Cinque Ports grew so powerful, and, by the possession of a warlike fleet, so audacious, that they made piratical excursions in defiance of all public faith; on some occasions they made war, and formed confederacies as separate independent states. It seems, however, that these irregularities were soon suppressed, when the government was strong, and sufficiently confident to exert its powers. So long as the mode of raising a navy by contributions from different towns continued, the Cinque Ports afforded an ample supply; but since that time their privileges have been preserved, but their separate or peculiar services dispensed with. Their charters are traced to the time of Edward the Confessor; they were confirmed by the Conqueror, and by subsequent monarchs. William the Conqueror, considering Dover Castle the key of England, gave the charge of the adjacent coast, with the shipping belonging to it, to the constable of Dover Castle, with the title of Warden of the Cinque Ports; an office resembling that of the Count of the Saxon coast (Comes littoris Saxonici) on the decline of the Roman power in this island. The lord warden has the authority of admiral in the Cinque Ports and its dependencies, with power to hold a court of admiralty; he has authority to hold courts both of law and equity; is the general returning officer of all the ports, - parliamentary writs being directed to him, on which he issues his precepts; and, in many respects, he was vested with powers similar to those possessed by the heads of counties palatine. At present the efficient authority, charge, or patronage of the lord warden is not very great; the situation is, however, considered very honourable, and the salary is 3,000l. He has under him a lieutenant and some subordinate officers; and there are captains at Deal, Walmer, and Sandgate Castles, Archcliff Fort, and Moats Bulwark. "There is an exclusive jurisdiction in the Cinque Ports (before the mayor and jurats of the ports), into which exclusive jurisdiction the king's ordinary writ does not run; that is, the court cannot direct their process immediately to the sheriff, as in other cases. In the Cinque Ports, the process is directed to the governor of Dover Castle, his deputy or lieutenant. A writ of error lies from the mayor and jurats of each port to the lord warden of the Cinque Ports, in his court of Shepway, and from the court of Shepway to the King's Bench; a memorial of superiority reserved to the crown at the original creation of the franchise; and prerogative writs, as those of habeas corpus, prohibition, certiorari, and mandamus, may issue, for the same reason, to all these exempt jurisdictions, because the privilege, that the king's writ runs not, must be intended between party and

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party, and there can be no such privilege against the king.” -- (Chitty's Commercial Law, vol. ii. p. 12.)

CITRON (Ger. Succade; Da. Sukkat; It. Confetti di cedro; Sp. Acitron verde ; Fr. Citronat verd), an agreeable fruit, resembling a lemon in colour, smell, and taste. The principal difference lies in the juice of the citron being somewhat less acid, and the yellow rind being somewhat hotter, and accompanied with a considerable bitterness. (Lewis's Mat. Med.) It is imported, preserved and candied, from Madeira, of the finest quality.

CIVET (Ger. Zibeth; Du. Civet; Fr. Civette; It. Zibetto; Sp. Algalia), a perfume taken from the civet cat. It is brought from the Brazils, Guinea, and the interior of Africa, When genuine, it is worth 30s. or 40s. an ounce.

CIVITA VECCHIA, a fortified sea-port town of the papal dominions, on the Mediterranean, lat. 42° 4′ 38′′ N., lon. 11° 44′ 52" E. Population 7,000.

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Harbour. The port of Civita Vecchia is artificial, and is formed by three large moles. Two of them projecting from the mainland, inclined one to the north and the other to the south, form the sides of the harbour; while a third mole, or breakwater, constructed opposite to the gap between the other two, harbour from the heavy sea that would otherwise be thrown in by the westerly serves a lighthouse, having the lantern elevated 74 feet above the level of the sea, is erected on the southern extremity of the outward mole; the distance from its extremities to the extremities of the lateral moles, on which there are towers, being about 90 fathoms. Vessels may enter either by the south or north end of the outer mole, but the southern channel is the deepest, having from 8 to 6 and 4 fathoms. Ships may anchor within the port, in from 16 to 18 feet water; or between it and the outer mole, where the water is deeper. Within the port there is a dock and an arsenal. (Plan of Civita Vecchia.) Historical Notice. This harbour, which is by far the best on the western side of the papal dominions, owes its origin to the Emperor Trajan, and affords the most unequivocal proof, not of his power mercy, but of his sagacity and desire to promote the interests of commerce and navigation. There is in ore of Pliny's Letters (lib. vi. epist. 31.) a clear and interesting account of this great work, which has obviously been planned and constructed with equal skill and judgment. The outer mole was mostly formed, precisely like the breakwater at Plymouth, by sinking immense blocks of stone into the sea, which became fixed and consolidated by their own weight, till by degrees it was raised above the waves. (Assurgit autem arte visenda : ingentia saza latissima navis provehit. Contra hæc alia super alia dejecta ipsa pondere manent, ac sensim quodam velut aggere construuntur.) Originally it was called Trajanus Portus, and it is to be regretted that it did not always bear the name of its illustrious founder. But in the latter ages of the Roman empire it was called Centum Cellæ, and in modern times Civita Vecchia. — (Cellarii Notitia Orbis Antiquæ, i. p. 734.)

Money.Accounts are kept here, and throughout the papal states, in crowns or seudi, called scudi Romani and scudi moneta. I scudo 10 paoli, and 1 paoli = 10 bajocchi. The scudo contains 403 grains of English standard silver, and is, consequently, worth 4s. 4d. sterling. Payments above 5 scudi are made in cedole, or schedules, a species of bank notes; but these, not being payable in specie on demand, are uniformly at a discount.

Weights. The libra, or pound of 12 onci or 6,192 grani, contains 5,234 English grains. Hence, 100 Roman pounds ==

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74,771 lbs. avoirdupois 90,868 lbs. Troy = 33,906 kilo grimmes = 70,008 lbs. of Hamburg There are three ef ferent cantaros or quintais; viz. of 100, 160, and 250 the. The migliajo 1,000 lbs.

Measures. The Roman foot 11-72 Eng. inches: the canna 78.34 Eng. inches; the canna used by builders 87-96 English inches; the barrel of wine 12,541 imp, gallons, and the barrel of oil 12-64 imp. galls.; the soms of oil = 36-13 imp. do.; the rubbio of corn 8:143 imp. bushels. (Kelly's Cambisti Nelkenbrecher, Manuel Universel.)

Imports and Exports. Though the wealth and population of the country round Civita Vecchia be much fallen off in modern times compared with antiquity, it still continues to be the entrepôt of Rome, and engrosses almost the entire trade of the papal dominions on the side of the Mediterranean. The imports consist principally of cotton, woollen, silk, and linen stuffs; coffee, sugar, cocoa, and other colonial products; salt and salted fish, wines, jewellery, glass and earthenware, &c. The exports consist of staves and timber, corn, coal, wool, cheese, potash, pumice-stone, alum, from Tolfa, in the vicinity, and other articles. The total value of the imports may be reckoned at from 650,000l. to 700,000/., and it may be fairly presumed that the real value of the exports is not much inferior. Marseilles and Genoa have the largest share of the foreign trade of Civita Vecchia, and next to them England.

Duties.- Civita Vecchia is a free port, that is, a port into which produce may be imported, and either consumed or re-exported, free of duty.

Quarantine regulations are strictly enforced; no vessel with a foul bill of health being permitted to enter any of the papal ports. (Annuaire du Commerce Maritime, tom. ii. p. 366, &c.

CLARET, one of the best French wines. See the articles BORDEAUX and WINE. CLEARING, among London Bankers, is a method adopted by them for exchanging the drafts on each other's houses, and settling the differences. Thus, at half-past 3 o'clock, a clerk from each banker attends at the clearing-house, where he brings all the drafts on the other bankers, which have been paid into his house that day, and deposits them in their proper drawers (a drawer being allotted to each banker); he then credits their accounts separately with the articles which they have against him, as found in the drawer. Balances are then struck from all the accounts, and the claims transferred from one to another, until they are so wound up and cancelled, that each clerk has only to settle with two or three others, and their balances are immediately paid.

It appears from an account given in the Appendix to the Second Report of the Committee of the House of Commons on Banks of Issue, that, in 1839, the aggregate demands made through the clearing house on the different bankers who make use of its agency, amounted to the vast sum of 954,401,6004., in the settlement of which the payment of only 66,275,6004. bank notes, or about th part of the total amount, was required. "Such drafts as are paid into a banker's too late for clearing, are sent to the houses on which they are drawn, to be marked, which is understood as an engagement that they will be paid the next day."(Kelly's Cambist.) The technical operations carried on at the clearing-house have been described by Mr. Gilbart, in his Practical Treatise on Banking, pp. 16--20.

CLEARING-HOUSE, the place where the operation termed clearing is carried on.

CLOCK, CLOCKS (Ger. Uhren, Grosse Uhren, Wiandunrhe; Du. Uuren, Uurwerken, Horologien; Fr. Horloges; It. Orologgi, Oriuoli; Sp. Relojes; Rus. Tschasü), a kind of machine, put in motion by a gravitating body, and so constructed as to divide, measure, and indicate the successive portions of time with very great accuracy. Most clocks mark the hour by striking or chiming. It is a highly useful instrument, and is extensively employed for domestic and philosophical purposes. Clocks are made of an endless variety of materials and models, so as to suit the different uses to which they are to be applied, and the different tastes of their purchasers. Their price consequently varies from a few shillings to more than 1007. The Germans and Dutch are particularly celebrated for their skill in the manufacture of wooden clocks; while the English, French, and Genevese, especially the former, have carried the art of making metallic clocks, so as to keep time with the greatest precision, to a high degree of perfection.

The history of the invention, introduction, and successive improvements in the manufacture of clocks, has been carefully investigated by some very learned and industrious antiquaries (see Beckmann's Hist. of Inventions, vol. i. pp. 419-462. Eng. ed.; and Rees's Cyclopædia); but, notwithstanding these researches, the subject is still involved in considerable obscurity. It seems, however, that the middle of the fourteenth century may be regarded as the epoch when clocks, having weights suspended as a moving power, and a regulator, began to be introduced. The period when, and the individual by whom, the pendulum was first applied to clockwork, have been subjects of much contention. Galileo and Huygens have disputed the honour of the discovery. "But whoever may have been the inventor, it is certain that the invention never flourished till it came into the hands of Huygens, who insists, that if ever Galileo thought of such a thing, he never brought it to any degree of perfection. The first pendulum clock made in England was in the year 1662, by one Fromantel, a Dutchman."—(Hutton's Math. Dictionary.)

The clock manufacture is of considerable importance and value. ́a great extent in London.

It is carried on to

The ad valorem duty of 25 per cent. on foreign clocks produced, in 1841, 7,378. nett. It is principally derived from the wooden clocks brought from Holland and Germany. In 1842 the duty was reduced to 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Under the article WATCHES, the reader will find some statements as to the importation and exportation of clocks, as well as watches.

Clockmakers are obliged to engrave upon the dial-plate of all clocks made by them their name, and the place of their residence. No outward or inward box, case, or dial-plate of any clock or watch, with the maker's name engraved thereon, shall be exported without the movement or machinery being in or with such box or case, under forfeiture of double its value.-(3 & 4 Will. 4. cap. 52. § 104.) It is illegal to import, or to enter to be warehoused, any clock or watch impressed with any mark purporting to represent any legal British mark, or not having the name of some foreign maker visible on the frame, and also on the face, or not being in a complete state. (§ 57.)

It is said, however, not to be an uncommon practice among the less reputable portion of the trade, to engrave their names and "London" on foreign clocks and watches, and to sell them to the public as English work. The fraud may be detected by referring to any respectable watchmaker.

By a Treasury order of the 4th of September, 1828, clocks and watches for private use, though not mari ed in the manner now specified, may be admitted on payment of the duty, on the parties making affidavit of their entire ignorance of the law in question.

Persons hired by, or in the employment of, clock and watch makers, who shall fraudulently embezzle, secrete, sell, &c. any metal, material, or precious stone, with which he may happen to be intrusted, shall, upon trial and conviction before a justice of the peace, forfeit 201. for the first offence; and for the second, and every subsequent offence, he shall forfeit 401. ; and, in default of payment, is to be committed to the house of correction.-(27 Geo. 2. c. 7. § 1.)—(See WATCH.)

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CLOVER (Ger. Klee; Du. Klaver; Fr. Treflle, Luzerne; It. Trifoglio; Sp. Trebol; Rus. Trilistnik; Lat. Trifolium), a very important species of grass. Some of the species in cultivation are annual; others biennial or triennial; and others perennial. The seed used formerly to be principally imported from Holland; but that which is raised in this country is now said to be of a superior quality.(Loudon's Encyclopædia of Agriculture.) Culture for seed is, however, very precarious, and of uncertain profit.

The entries of clover seed for home consumption amounted, at an average of 1840 and 1841, to 111,318 cwts. a year, showing that notwithstanding the improvement of the home produce, foreign seed is still in very extensive demand. And there can be no doubt that the importation in the above years would have been much greater but for the heavy duty of 20s. a cwt. with which foreign clover seed was then loaded. Such duty had the mischievous effect of tempting farmers to use seed of inferior quality, and fell with peculiar severity on Scotland and those parts of the country which grow no seed. We are, therefore, glad to have to state that the duty was reduced to 10s. a cwt. in 1842; and we are much mistaken if, in addition to its beneficial influence in other respects, this reduced duty do not yield as great a revenue as the high duty did before. The price of foreign clover seed varies from 30s. to 35s. a cwt. ex duty.

CLOVES (Ger. Nöglein, Gewürznelken; Du. Kruidnagelen; Fr. Clous de girofle, Girofles; It. Chiovi di garofano Garofani, Garoffoli; Sp. Clavos de especia, Clavillos; Rus. Gwosdika; Arab. Kerenful; Malay, Chankee), the fruit, or rather cups of the unopened flowers, of the clove tree, or Caryophyllus aromaticus. The clove tree is a

native of the Moluccas, where it was originally found; but plants have since been carried to Cayenne and other places, where they succeed tolerably well. Cloves are shaped like a nail; whence the name, from the French clou, nail. They are imported from the Dutch settlements; the best in chests, and an inferior kind in bags. The best variety of the Amboyna cloves is smaller and blacker than the other varieties, very scarce, and, as a mark of pre-eminence, is termed the Royal clove. Good cloves have a strong, fragrant, aromatic odour; and a hot, acrid, aromatic taste, which is very permanent. They should be chosen large sized, perfect in all parts; the colour should be a dark brown, almost approaching to black; and, when handled, should leave an oily moisture upon the fingers. Good cloves are sometimes adulterated by mixing them with those from which oil has been drawn; but these are weaker than the rest, and of a paler colour; and whenever they look shrivelled, having lost the knob at the top, and are light and broken, with but little smell or taste, they should be rejected. As cloves readily absorb moisture, it is not uncommon, when a quantity is ordered, to keep them beside a vessel of water, by which means a considerable addition is made to their weight — (Thomson's Dispensatory; Milburn's Oriental Commerce.)

Policy of the Dutch as to the Trade in Cloves. From the expulsion of the English from Amboyna, in 1623, the Dutch have, a few short intervals only excepted, enjoyed the exclusive possession of the Moluccas, or Clove Islands. In their conduct as to the clove trade, they have exhibited a degree of shortsighted rapacity, which has been, we believe, seldom equalled even in the annals of monopoly. Their object has not been to encourage the growth and trade of cloves, but to confine both within the narrowest limits. They have preferred deriving a large profit from a stunted and petty trade, to a moderate profit from a trade that might have afforded employment for a very large amount of capital; and to prevent their narrow and selfish projects from being counteracted by the operations of the natives, they have subjected them to the most revolting tyranny. "That they might," says Mr. Craw furd," regulate and control production and price just as they thought proper, the clove trees were extirpated every where but in Amboyna, the seat of their power; and the surrounding princes were bribed, by annual stipends, to league with them for the destruction of their subjects' property and birthright. This plan was begun about the year 1551. The contracts are still in force, and an annual fleet visits the surrounding islands to suppress the growth of cloves, which, in their native country, spring up with a luxuriance which these measures of Satanic rigour, and of sacrilege towards bountiful nature, can scarce repress. By the plan on which the clove trade is now conducted, a plan carried into effect through so much iniquity and bloodshed, the country of spices is rendered a petty farm, of which the natural owners are reduced to the worst condition of predial slavery; and the great monopoliser and oppressor is that government, whose duty it should have been to insure freedom and afford protection. Human ingenuity could hardly devise a plan more destructive of industry, more hostile to the growth of public wealth, or injurious to morals, than this system framed in a barbarous age; and it reflects disgrace upon the character of a civilised people to persevere in it.

"It is curious to remark how the monopolisers, in carrying the details of this system into effect, at once impose upon the natives and deceive themselves. The nominal price paid to the natives is actually above the natural price of the commodity, but they are cheated in the details. The cultivator brings his produce to the public stores, where it is subjected at once to a deduction of one fifth for payment of the salaries of the civil and military officers. The price of the remainder is fixed at the rate of 9-6 Spanish dollars the pictil: but before payment is made, another deduction of one fifth is made; one half of which is for the chiefs or rajas, and the other for the native elders, who are overseers of the forced culture. The real price, therefore, paid to the grower is 8 Spanish dollars per picul, or 34d. per lb. avoirdupois, instead of 11 Spanish dollars per picul, or 43d. per lb., which is pretended to be given.

"When cloves have been sold on the spot, the price usually exacted has been about 64 Spanish dollars the picul, or 8 times the price paid to the cultivator. The average price in Holland, previously to the war of the French revolution, may be taken at 68. per lb., or 17778 Spanish dollars per picul, being 2,122 per cent. advance on the real cost of the commodity in the place of its growth. When brought direct to England, they have cost at an average 3s. 8d. the lb., making 1084 Spanish dollars per picul, an advance on the natural export price of 1,258 per cent.". · (Eastern Archipelago, vol. iii. pp. 388-390.) The Duty on Cloves was considerably reduced in 1819; and there has been, in consequence, a considerable increase in the consumption of the article; though not nearly so great as it would have been, had it been supplied under a more liberal system. At an average of the 3 years ending with 1842, the entries of cloves for home consumption amounted to 85,015 lbs. a year, producing annually 2,219 4s. Id. of revenue. The cultivation of the clove is carried on to some extent in Cayenne; but its culture there depends entirely on the existence of the present system in the Moluccas. The superiority which the latter enjoy over every other place in the production of cloves is so very great, that were any thing like freedom given to those engaged in their culture, they would very speedily exclude every other from the market. It is not to be imagined, that so liberal and intelligent a government as that of Holland can much longer continue insensible to the disgrace of supporting a system like the present, and to the many advantages that would result from its abolition.

In 1842 the duty on cloves was farther reduced from 3s. per lb. to Gd., a reduction which, there can be no doubt, will be followed by a considerable increase of consumption.

The price of cloves, exclusive of the duty in the London market, varied, in January 1843, from Is. to 2s. 2d. per lb.

CLOVES, OIL OF, is procured from cloves by distillation. When new, it is of a pale reddish brown colour, which becomes darker by age. It is extremely hot and fiery, and sinks in water. The kind generally imported from India contains nearly half its weight of an insipid expressed oil, which is discovered by dropping a little into spirits of wine; and on shaking it, the genuine oil mixes with the spirit, and the insipid separating, the fraud is discovered. (Milburn.)

COACHES, vehicles for commodious travelling. They have sometimes two, and sometimes four wheels. The body of the coach is generally suspended, by means of springs, upon the framework to which the wheels are attached. They are usually drawn by horses, but recently have been impelled by steam. The forms and varieties of coaches are almost innumerable.

1. Historical Notice.

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Beckmann has investigated the early history of coaches with

his usual care and learning. It is certain that a species of coaches were used at Rome; but whether they were hung on springs, like those now made use of, is not certain. After the subversion of the Roman power, horseback was almost the only mode of travelling. About the end of the fifteenth century, however, covered carriages began to be employed by persons of distinction on great occasions. In 1550, there were at Paris only three coaches; one of which belonged to the queen; another to the celebrated Diana of Poitiers; and the third to a corpulent, unwieldy nobleman, René de Laval, lord of Bois Dauphin. Coaches were seen, for the first time, in Spain, in 1546. They began to be used in England about 1580; and were in common use among the nobility in the beginning of the seventeenth century. (Hist. of Invent. vol. i. pp. 111. 127. Eng. trans.) 2. Manufacture of Carriages. This is a department of considerable value and importance. The best built and handsomest carriages are made in London, where only the trade of a coach currier is carried on; but the carriages made at Edinburgh, and some other places, are also very superior. Down to 1825, a duty was laid on all carriages made for sale; and it appears from the following account, that, in 1812, 1,531 four-wheeled carriages, 1,700 two-wheeled ditto, and 105 taxed carts (small carriages without springs), were made for sale.

3. Duties on Carriages. — These duties have been long imposed, and have fluctuated considerably at different periods. The Table on the next page shows the number of four-wheeled and other carriages (exclusive of hackney coaches) charged with duties in the years 1812, 1825, 1830, and 1840, the rates of duty on each species of carriage, and the produce of the duties.

4. Stage Coaches, Travelling by. Owing to the improvement in the breed of horses and the building of carriages, but above all, to the extraordinary improvements that have been effected, within these few years, in the laying out, construction, and keeping of roads, the ordinary rate of travelling by stage coaches is seldom under 9 or 10 miles an hour, stoppages included, and, on some roads, is as much as 11 or 12! The stages having been shortened, this wonderful speed is not found to be materially more injurious to the horses than the slower rate at which they travelled some years ago. The surface of the roads being perfectly smooth, and most sharp turns or rapid descents having been got rid of, travelling even at this speed has been rendered comparatively safe; and it is astonishing, considering the number of coaches, how few accidents occur. They are occasioned, for the most part, by the misconduct of the drivers; and principally by their endeavouring to make up by increased speed for time lost at stoppages, or by their attempting to pass each other.

Law as to Stage Coaches. - This is now embodied in the acts 2 & 3 Will. 4. c. 120. and 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 48. Definition. A stage coach is any carriage travelling along the road at the rate of 3 miles or more an hour, without regard to form, provided the passengers pay separate fares for their places therein; but all carriages used wholly on a railway, or impelled by steam, are excepted from this definition. - (2 & 3 Will. 4. c. 120. §4.)

Licences, Dulies, &c. A large portion of the act is occupied with regulations as to licences, duties, plates, &c. But it is sufficient for our purpose to give the following schedule of the duties:

Duty. £. d.

- 500

For and in respect of every original licence to be
taken out yearly by the person who shall keep, use,
or employ any stage carriage in Great Britain,
(that is to say, for every such stage carriage
And for and in respect of every supplementary
licence for the same carriage, for which any such
original licence shall have been granted, which
shall be taken out in any of the several cases pro-
vided for by this act, during the period for which
such original licence was granted

And for and in respect of every mile which any
such stage carriage shall be licensed to travel, the
several sums following respectively, (that is to say,)
if such stage carriage shall be licensed to carry

Not more than 4 passengers

More than 4 and not more than 6 passengers
More than 6 and not more than 9 passengers
More than 9 and not more than 12 passengers
More than 12 and not more than 15 passengers
More than 15 and not more than 18 passengerS
More than 18 and not more than 21 passengers

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And if such stage carriage shall be licensed to
carry more than 21 passengers, then for every
3 additional passengers exceeding 21 which such
stage carriage shall be licensed to carry, the ad-
ditional duty of

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£. d.

0 0 0 And where such excess above 21 shall not be exactly 3, or a multiple of 3, then such additional duty of 4d. shall be payable for any number of such excess being less than 3, or progressively less than any multiple of 3, which such stage carriage shall be licensed to carry.

Provided always, that the number of passengers for carrying of which any stage carriage shall be licensed, shall be reckoned exclusive of the coachman or driver, and also exclusive of the conductor or guard, if there shall be a conductor or guard. And also the duties on passengers conveyed for hire by carriages travelling upon railways; (that is to say,)

The proprietor or company of proprietors of every railway in Great Britain, along which any passengers shall be conveyed for hire, in or upoo carriages drawn or impelled by the power of steam, or otherwise, shall pay for and in respect of all such passengers at and after the rate of 4d. per mile for every 4 passengers so conveyed.

Want of Licence, &c. Keeping, using, &c. any stage carriage without a licence, or without plates, or with recalled plates, or contrary to their licences, or with improper plates, are offences punishable each by a penalty of 201. - 27, 28.

Penalty on Drivers of Coaches without Plates, if not the owner, 107.; if the owner, 201.-30.
Forging Plates, a misdemeanor. - § 32.

Names of Proprietors, &c. to be painted outside, in legible and conspicuous characters, the names of the extreme places between which such carriage shall be licensed to go, and also the greatest number of passengers licensed to be carried inside and outside. Penalty for neglect in this particular, 57. — § 36. Certain Carriages not to carry outside Passengers or Luggage, viz. those, the top or roof of which shall be more than 8 feet 9 inches from the ground, or the bearing of which on the ground, that is, the distance between the centres of the tracks of the wheels, shall be less than 4 feet 6 inches. Penalty 5. - § 37. Luggage on the Roof not to exceed a certain Height, viz. 10 feet 9 inches from the ground on a carriage drawn by 4 or more horses; and 10 feet 3 inches from ditto, if on a carriage drawn by 2 or 3 horses. Driver of any carriage where such offence is committed liable in a penalty of 57. — § 43.

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