The 6 Geo. 4. c. 125. §91. enacts, that every person who shall ride by, make fast to, remove, or wilfully run down or run foul of any vessel placed to exhibit lights, or any buoy or beacon belonging to the cor poration of the Trinity House of Deptford Strond, or to any other corporation having authority to place such vessel, buoy, or beacon, shall, besides making good all damage occasioned thereby, forfeit, for every such offence, any sum not exceeding 50%. nor less than 10% Subjoined is an Account specifying the Buoys and Beacons under the Control of the Trinity House, Deptford Strond, with the Rates of Charge on account of the same on British and Foreign Ships, and the Produce of the Rates, in each of the Three Years ending with 1842-(Furnished by Mr. Herbert, Secretary to the Trinity House. For the buoys and beacons in the channels leading to the river Thames and port of London, including loads range and primage, also including the dues formerly return d ander the head of Trinity House duties from strangers' ships. per Ton. In the port of London the following rates are 1 penny These dues are also received at the Buoys off Yarmouth - farthing per ton farthing farthing. Coasters, British and foreign, privileged (4d. per vessel under 40 tons. Foreign vessels, not privileged Exeter buoys Coasters (not stone boats) Gd. on all others. d. per ton per voyage. 54. per vessel per annum. d. per ton per voyage. 1d. Stone beats 3 farthings per ton, each time of passing. On all vessels entering the port of Woodbridge 50 and under 100 tons 100 tons and upwards 3 farthings per ton, each and every time of 42 18 2 85 10 7 1 penny penny 30 19 11 BURDEN of a ship. Total 14,071 13 7 14,275 3 10 14,383 7 78 See TONNAGE. BURGUNDY. See WINE. It BURGUNDY PITCH, a resin, the produce of the Pinus Abies, or spruce fir. is obtained by making incisions in the bark down to the wood, whence it flows thickly and languidly, immediately concreting into flakes that adhere firmly to the tree. These being taken off are melted in boiling water, and strained through coarse cloths. It is of a close consistence, rather soft, has a reddish brown colour, and a not unpleasant smell; it is very adhesive. The greatest quantity is collected in the neighbourhood of Neufchatel, whence it is brought to us packed in casks. A fictitious sort is made in England, and found in the shops under the title of common Burgundy pitch; it may be distinguished by its friability, want of viscidity and of the odour which characterises the genuine sort. A species of Burgundy pitch exudes spontaneously from the Norway spruce fir. This, which undergoes no preparation, is the resin or thus of the old London Pharmacopoeias. It is imported in the form of tears or small masses, packed in casks, each containing from 1 to 2 cwt. It fetches about half the price of that which is strained. — (Gray's Supplement to the Pharmacopeias, Thomson's Dispensatory.) BUSHEL, a measure of capacity for dry goods, as grain, fruit, dry pulse, &c., containing 4 pecks, or 8 gallons, or of a quarter. The Winchester bushel contains 2150-42 cubic inches, while the Imperial bushel contains 2218-192. Hence, to convert Winchester bushels into Imperial, multiply by the fraction 215042 22 or 969447, or approximately deduct th, and th; and if great accuracy be required, and more. To convert prices per Winchester bushel into prices per Imperial bushel, multiply by the fraction 2218192, or 1-0315157. 200 By the 5 Geo. 4. c. 74. § 7. the bushel shall be the standard measure of capacity for coals, culm, lime, fish, potatoes, or fruit, and all other goods and things commonly sold by heaped measure. The bushel shall contain 50 lbs. avoirdupois of distilled water, being made round, with a plain and even bottom, and being 19 inches from outside to outside. Sections 7. and 8. direct the mode in which the bushel shall be used for heaped measure. (See WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.) oil; and in the like manner butter is very little employed at present in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and the southern parts of France." (History of Inventions, vol. ii. p. 413. Eng. ed.) Butter is very extensively used in this and most other northern countries; that of England and Holland is reckoned the best. In London, the butter of Epping and Cambridge is in the highest repute; the cows which produce the former, feed during summer in the shrubby pastures of Epping Forest; and the leaves of the trees, and numerous wild plants which there abound, are supposed to improve the flavour of the butter. It is brought to market in rolls from one to two feet long, weighing a pound each. The Cambridgeshire butter is produced from cows that feed one part of the year on chalky uplands, and the other on rich meadows or fens: it is made up into long rolls like the Epping butter, and generally salted or cured before being brought to market; the London dealers, having washed it, and wrought the salt out of it, frequently sell it for Epping butter. The butter of Suffolk and Yorkshire is often sold for that of Cambridgeshire, to which it is little inferior. The butter of Somersetshire is thought to equal that of Epping: it is brought to market in dishes containing half a pound each; out of which it is taken, washed, and put into different forms, by the dealers of Bath and Bristol. The butter of Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire is very good, it is made up in half-pound packs or prints, packed up in square baskets, and sent to the London market by wagon. The butter of the mountains of Wales and Scotland, and the moors, commons, and heaths of England, is of excellent quality when it is properly managed; and though not equal in quantity, it often is confessedly superior to that produced by the richest meadows. (Loudon's Encyc. of Agriculture.) Considerable quantities of butter are made in Ireland, and it forms a prominent article in the exports of that country: generally, it is very inferior to that of Britain; but this is a consequence rather of the want of cleanliness and attention, than of any inferiority in the milk. Some of the best Irish butter brought to London, after being washed and re-packed, is sold as Dorsetshire and Cambridge butter. The salt butter of Holland is superior to that of every other country; large quantities of it are annually exported. It forms about three-fourths of all the foreign butter we import. The production and consumption of butter in Great Britain is very great. The consumption in the metropolis may, it is believed, be averaged at about 10 lbs. a year for each individual; and supposing this estimate to be nearly accurate, and the population to amount to 2,000,000, the total annual consumption would, on this hypothesis, be 20,000,000 lbs., or 8,928 tons: but to this may be added 3,000 tons, for the butter required for the victualling of ships and other purposes; making the total consumption, in round numbers, 12,000 tons, or 26,880,000 lbs., which at 10d. per lb. would be worth 1,120,000Z. The average produce per cow of the butter dairies is estimated by Mr. Marshall at 168 lbs. a year, but owing to the improvements that have been made in the interval, the yield per cow may now be safely estimated at 180 lbs. ; so that, supposing we are nearly right in the above estimates, about 150,000 cows will be required to produce an adequate supply of butter for the London market. The imports of foreign butter have more than doubled since 1830. We subjoin an Account showing the Total Quantities of Butter imported into the United Kingdom during each of the Five Years ending with 1841, specifying the Quantities brought from each Country. The duties on foreign butter during the whole of these years were (including the 5 per cent. imposed in 1840) 21s. a cwt. In 1842 the duty on butter from a British possession was reduced to 5s. a cwt.; and in 1846 it was farther reduced to 2s. 6d. a cwt. on that brought from our possessions, and to 10s. a cwt, on that brought from foreign countries. We subjoin an Account of the Imports of Butter, and of the Quantities entered for Consumption with the Revenue accruing thereon in 1846 and 1847.--(Parl. Paper, No. 107, Sess. 1848.) The average contract prices of the butter furnished to Greenwich Hospital from 1730 to 1842, have been as follows: In order to obviate the practice of fraud in the weighing and packing of butter, different statutes have been passed, particularly the 36 Geo. 3. c. 86., and 38 Geo. 3. c. 73., the principal regulations of which are subjoined. It is very doubtful, however, whether they have been productive of any good effect. It might be proper, perhaps, to order the weight of the butter, exclusive of the vessel, and the dairyman's or seller's name, to be branded on the inside and outside of each vessel; but most of the other regulations, especially those as to the thickness of the staves, and the weight of the vessels, seem to be at once vexatious and useless. Every cooper or other person who shall make any vessel for the packing of butter, shall make the same of good wellseasoned timber, tight and not leaky, and shall groove in the heads and bottoms thereof; and every vessel made for the packing of butter shall be a tub, firkin, or half-firkin, ani no other. Every tub shall weigh of itself, including the top and bottom not less than 11 lbs. nor more than 15 lbs. avoirdupois; and neither the top nor the bottom of any such tub shall exceed in ang part five eighths of an inch in thicknes. Every firkin shall weigh at least 7 lbs. including the top and the bottom, which shail no exceed four eighths of an inch thick in any part. Half-firkins to weigh not less than 4 lbs. nor more than 6 lbs. Including the top and the b. ttem, which shall not exceed the thickness of three eighths of an inch in any part; upon pain that the cooper or every other person making any such vessel, in any respect contrary to the preceding directions, shall forfeit every such vessel and 10 Every cooper, &c. shall brand every cask or vessel before gning out of his possession, on the outside, with his name, in Tegible and permanent letters, under penalty of 108., together with the exact weight or tare thereof. Every dairyman, farmer, or seller of butter, or other person packing the same for sale, shali pack it in vessels mad- and marked as aforesaid, and in no other, and shail properly soak and season every such vessel; and on the inside, and on the top on the outside, shall brand his name at length, in permanent and legible letters; and shell also, with an iron, brand on the top on the outside, and on the bouge or body of every such cak, the true weight or tare of every such vessel, when it shall have been soaked and seasoned; and also shall brand his name at length, on the bouge or body of every such vessel, across two different states at least, and shall distinctly, and at length, imprint his Christian and surname upon the top of the butter in mich vessel when filled, on pain of forfeiting 54. for every default thereof. Every tub of butter shall contain, exclusive of the tare of good and merchantable butter, 84 lbs.; every firkin 56 lbs.; every half-fikon 28 lbs. ; and no old or corrupt butter shall be mixed, or packed in any vessel whatever, with any butter that is new and sound: nor shall any butter made of whey be packed or mixed with butter made of crean, but the respective sorts shall be packed separately, and the whole vessel shall, throughout, be of one sort and goodness; and no butter shall be salted with any great salt, but all butter shall be salted with small salt nor shall more salt be interinixed with the butter than is needful for its preservation, under penalty of 51. for offending a inst any of these regulations. No change, alteration, fraud, or deceit shall be practised by any dealers or packers of butter, either with respect to the Vessel or the butter so packed, whether in respect to quantity or otherwise, under a penalty of 301. to be imposed on every person engaged in the offence. Every cheesemonger, dealer in butter, or other person, who sha'i sell any tabs, tirkins, or half-firkins of butter, shall deliver, in every such cask or vessel respectively, the full quantity appointed by this act, or, in default ther of, shall be liable to make safi faction to the person who shall buy the same for what shall be wanting, according to the price for which it was sold, and shall be liable to an action for recovery of the came, with full cots of suit. No cheesemonger, dealer in butter, &c. shall repack for sale any butter, under penalty of 51. for every tub, firkin, or halffirki, so repacked." Nothing in this set shall extend to make any cheesemonger, dealer in butter, or other person, liable to any penalties for using any of the tubs, firkins, or half-firkins, after the British butter used in such vessels shall have been taken thereout, for the repacking for sale of any foreign butter, who shall, before he so repack such foreign butter, entirely cut or efface the several names of the original dairyman, farmer, or seller of butter, from every such vessel, leaving the name and tare of the cooper, and the tare of the original dairyman, farmer, or seller there n; and, after the names are so effaced, shall, with an iron, brand his Christian and surname, and the words foreign etter, upon the bouge of every such vessel, across two stares at least, to denote that such butter is foreign butter. Persons counterfeiting or forging any such names or marks, shall for every sich offence forfeit 401. Penalties not exceeding 54. to be determined by one justice, upon the evidence of one witness, and the whole shall go to the informer. Penalties above 5. to be recovered by action of debt, or information, in the courts at Westminster, and the whole to the informer. Nothing to extend to the packing of butter in any pot or vessel which shall not be capable of containing more than 14 hs. Previously to 1826, no butter could be sold in any pub!le market in Ireland, or exported from it, without being previously examined and branded by a public inspector; but comp) ance with this regulation is no longer compulsory, but is left to the di cretion of the parties. It is enacted by statute 4 Will. 3. c. 7., that every warehorse-keeper, weigher, searcher, or shipper of butter and cheese, shall receive all butter and cheese that sha'l be brought to him for the London cheesemongrs, and ship the same without undue preference; and shall have for his pains kr. Gd, for every load; and if he shall make default, he shai, on conviction before one justice, on oath of one witness, or confession, forfeit for every firkin of butter 10s, and for every weigh of cheese 5s.; half for the use of the poor, and half to the informer. And every such person shall keep a book of entry of receiving and shipping the goods, on pain of 2s. 6d. for every firkin of butter and weigh of cheese. The master of a ship refusing to take in butter or cheese be fore he is ful laden (except it be a cheese monger's own ship sent for his own goods) shall forfeit for every firkin of butter refused 54., and for every weigh of cheese 2s. 6d. This act does not extend to any warehou e in Cheshire or Lancashire. Butter made in hot countries is generally liquid. In India it is denominated ghee, and is mostly prepared from the milk of buffaloes; it is usually conveyed in duppers, or bottles made of hide, each of which contains from 10 to 40 gallons. Ghee is an article of considerable commercial importance in many parts of India. The Arabs are the greatest consumers of butter in the world. Burckhardt tells us, that it is a common practice among all classes to drink every morning a coffee cup full of melted butter or ghee! and they use it in an infinite variety of other ways. The taste for it is universal; and the poorest individuals will expend half their daily income that they may have butter for dinner, and butter in the morning. Large quantities are annually shipped from Cosseir, Souakin, and Massouah, on the west coast of the Red Sea, for Djidda and other Arabian ports. — (Burckhardi's Travels in Nubia, p. 440.; Travels in Arabia, vol. i. p. 52.) BUTTONS (Du. Knoopen; Fr. Bouton; Ger. Knöpfe; It. Bottoni; Rus. Pogowizü; Sp. Botones) are well known articles, serving to fasten clothes, &c. They are manufactured of an endless variety of materials and forms. It might have been supposed, that the manufacture of such an article as this would have been left to be carried on according to the views and interests of those concerned, individuals being allowed to select any sort of button they pleased. Such, however, has not been the case; and various statutes have been passed, pointing out the kind of buttons to be worn, and the way in which they are to be made! Most of these regulations have luckily fallen into disuse, but they still occupy a place in the statute book, and may be enforced. The following are amongst the more prominent of these regulations: - No person shall make, sell, or set upon any clothes, or wearing garments whatsoever, any Luttons made of cloth, serge, drugget, frieze, camblet, or any other stuff of which clothes or wearing garments are made, or any buttons made of wood only, and turned in imitation of other buttons, on pain of forfeiting 404. per dozen for all such buttons. - (1 Gen. 1. c. 7.) No tailor shall set on any buttons, or button-holes, of serge, angget, &c., under penalty of 40s. for every dozen of buttons or button-holes co made or set on. No person shall use or wear, on any clothes, garments, or apparel whatsoever, except velvet, any buttons or barton-ho'es made of or bound with cloth, serge, drugget, frieze, camblet, or other stuffs whereof clothes or woollen garments are usually made, on penalty of forfeiting 40s. per dozen, under a similar penalty.(7 Geo. 1. c. 22.1 C. To prevent the frauds which it is alleged had taken place in the manufacture of gilt and plated buttons, an act, 36′ Geo. 3. c. 6., was passed, which regulates what shall be deemed gilt and what plated buttons; and imposes penalties on those who order as well as on those who may make any buttons with the words gilt" or "plated" marked upon them, except they be gilt and plated as the act directs. Inasmuch as this statute goes to obviate a fraud, it is, perhaps, expedient; but no apofogy can be made for the regulations previously alluded to, which are at once vexatious and absurd. The importation of buttons from abroad was prohibited in the reign of Charles II. But the 6 Geo. 4. c. 107. § 52. repeiled this prohibition, and they may now be imported, for hoine consumption, on paying an ad valorem duty. CABBAGE, a biennial plant (Brassica Lin.), of which there are many varieties. It is too well known to require any particular description; it is extensively cultivated in the vicinity of London. Sour crout, or properly sauer kraut, is a very favourite dish in Germany; it consists of a fermented mass of salted cabbage. CABLES are strong ropes or chains, principally used in the anchoring or mooring of ships. 1. Rope Cables are, in Europe, principally manufactured of hemp; but in the East they are very frequently made of coir, or the fibrous part of the cocoa nut, and in some places, particularly on the Red Sea, of the coating of the branches of the date tree. oil; and in the like manner butter is very little employed at present in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and the southern parts of France." (History of Inventions, vol. ii. p. 413. Eng. ed.) Butter is very extensively used in this and most other northern countries; that of England and Holland is reckoned the best. In London, the butter of Epping and Cambridge is in the highest repute; the cows which produce the former, feed during summer in the shrubby pastures of Epping Forest; and the leaves of the trees, and numerous wild plants which there abound, are supposed to improve the flavour of the butter. It is brought to market in rolls from one to two feet long, weighing a pound each. The Cambridgeshire butter is produced from cows that feed one part of the year on chalky uplands, and the other on rich meadows or fens it is made up into long rolls like the Epping butter, and generally salted or cured before being brought to market; the London dealers, having washed it, and wrought the salt out of it, frequently sell it for Epping butter. The butter of Suffolk and Yorkshire is often sold for that of Cambridgeshire, to which it is little inferior. The butter of Somersetshire is thought to equal that of Epping: it is brought to market in dishes containing half a pound each: out of which it is taken, washed, and put into different forms, by the dealers of Bath and Bristol. The butter of Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire is very good; it is made up in half-pound packs or prints, packed up in square baskets, and sent to the London market by wagon. The butter of the mountains of Wales and Scotland, and the moors, commons, aud heaths of England, is of excellent quality when it is properly managed; and though not equal in quantity, it often is confessedly superior to that produced by the richest meadows. (Loudon's Encyc. of Agriculture.) Considerable quantities of butter are made in Ireland, and it forms a prominent article in the exports of that country: generally, it is very inferior to that of Britain; but this is a consequence rather of the want of cleanliness and attention, than of any inferiority in the milk. Some of the best Irish butter brought to London, after being washed and re-packed, is sold as Dorsetshire and Cambridge butter. The salt butter of Holland is superior to that of every other country; large quantities of it are annually exported. It forms about three-fourths of all the foreign butter we import. The production and consumption of butter in Great Britain is very great. The consumption in the metropolis may, it is believed, be averaged at about 10 lbs. a year for each individual; and supposing this estimate to be nearly accurate, and the population to amount to 2,000,000, the total annual consumption would, on this hypothesis, be 20,000,000 lbs., or 8,928 tons: but to this may be added 3,000 tons, for the butter required for the victualling of ships and other purposes; making the total consumption, in round numbers, 12,000 tons, or 26,880,000 lbs., which at 10d. per lb. would be worth 1,120,000/ The average produce per cow of the butter dairies is estimated by Mr. Marshall at 168 lbs. a year, but owing to the improvements that have been made in the interval, the yield per cow may now be safely estimated at 180 lbs. ; so that, supposing we are nearly right in the above estimates, about 150,000 cows will be required to produce an adequate supply of butter for the London market. The imports of foreign butter have more than doubled since 1830. We subjoin an Account showing the Total Quantities of Butter imported into the United Kingdom during each of the Five Years ending with 1841, specifying the Quantities brought from each Country. The duties on foreign butter during the whole of these years were (including the 5 per cent. imposed in 1840) 21s. a cwt. In 1842 the duty on butter from a British possession was reduced to 5s. a cwt.; and in 1816 it was farther reduced to 2s. 6d. a cwt. on that brought from our possessions, and to 10s. a cwt, on that brought from foreign countries. We subjoin an Account of the Imports of Butter, and of the Quantities entered for Consumption with the Revenue accruing thereon in 1846 and 1847.-(Parl. Paper, No. 107, Sess. 1848.) The average contract prices of the butter furnished to Greenwich Hospital from 1730 to 1842, have been as follows: Years. Prices per lb. Years. Prices per Ib. Years. Prices per lb. Years. Prices per lb. Years. Prices per lb. In order to obviate the practice of fraud in the weighing and packing of butter, different statutes have been passed, particularly the 36 Geo. 3. c. 86., and 38 Geo. 3. c. 73., the principal regulations of which are subjoined. It is very doubtful, however, whether they have been productive of any good effect. It might be proper, perhaps, to order the weight of the butter, exclusive of the vessel, and the dairyman's or seller's name, to be branded on the inside and outside of each vessel; but most of the other regulations, especially those as to the thickness of not less than 11 lbs. nor more than 15 1hs. avoirdupois; and neither the top nor the bottom of any such tub shall exceed in any part five eighths of an inch in thickness. Every firkin shail weigh at least 7 ibs. including the top and the bottom, which shall not exceed four eighths of an inch thick in any part. Half-firkins to weigh not less than 4 lbs. nor more than 6 lbs. including the top and the bottom, which shall not exceed the thickness of three eighths of an inch in any part; upon pain that the cooper of very other person making any such vessel, in any respect contrary to the preceding directions, shall forfeit every such vessel and 101. Every cooper, &c. shall brand every cask or vessel before going out of his possession, on the outside, with his name, in Textile and permanent letters, under penalty of 10s., together with the exact weight or tare thereof. Every dairyman, farmer, or seller of butter, or other person packing the same for sale, shall pack it in vessels made and marked as aforesaid, and in no other, and shail properly soak and season every such vessel; and on the inside, and on the top on the outside, shall brand his name at length, in permament and legible recters; and shl also, with an iron, brand on the top on the outside, and on the touge or body of every such cak, the true weight or tare of every such vessel, when it shall have been soaked and seasoned; and also shall brand his name at length, on the bouge or body of every such vessel, across two diffrent staves at least, and shali di-tinetly, and at ength, inprint his Christian and surname upon the top of the butter in such rest when filled, on pain of forfeiting 54. for every default thereof. Every tu of butter shall contain, exclusive of the tare of god and merchantable butter, 84 lbs. ; every firkin 56 lbs.; every half-frkin 28 lbs. ; and no old or corrupt buiter shall be mixed, or packed in any vessel whatever, with any bitter that is new and sound; nor shall any butter made of whey be packed or mixed with butter made of cream, but the respective surts shall be packed separately, and the whole vessel shail, throughout, be of one sort and goodness; and no butter shall be salted with any great salt, but all butter shall be salted with small salt; nor shall more salt be intermixed with the butter than is neɛiful for its preservation, under penalty of 51. for offerding ainst any of these regulations. No change, alteration, fraud, or deceit shall be practised by any dealers or packers of butter, either with respect to the vessel or the butter so packed, whether in respect to quantity or otherwise, under a penalty of 30. to be imposed on every person engaged in the offence. Every cheesemonger, dealer in butter, or other person, who sha'l sell any tubs, firkins, or half-firkins of butter, shall deliver, in every such cask or vessel respectively, the full quantity appointed by this act, cr, in default then of, shall be liable to make sati faction to the person who shall buy the same for what shall be wanting, according to the price for which it was sold, and shall be liable to an action for recovery of the same, with full costs of suit. No cheese monger, dealer in butter, &c. shall repack for sale any butter, under penalty of 54. for every tub, firkin, or halffirkin, so repacked." Nothing in this act shall extend to make any cheesemonger, dealer in butter, or other person, able to any penalties for using any of the tube, firkins, or half-firkins, after the British butter used in such vessels shall have been taken thervout, for the repacking for sale of any foreign butter, who shall, before he so repack such foreign butter, entirely cut or efface the several names of the original dairyman, farmer, or seller of butter, from every such vessel, leaving the name and tare of the cooper, and the tare of the original dairyman, farmer, or seller there n; and, after the names are so effaced, shall, with an iron, brand his Christian and surname, and the words foreign butter, upon the bouge of every such vessel, across two stares at least, to denote that such butter is foreign butter. Persons counterfeiting or forging any such names or marks, shall for every such offence forfeit 401. Penalties not exceeding 3. to be determined by one justice, upon the evidence of one witness, and the whole shall go to the informer. Penalties above 51, to be recovered by action of debt, or information, in the courts at Westminster, and the whole to the informer. Nothing to extend to the packing of butter in any pot or vessel which shall not be capable of containing more than 14ths. Previously to 1826, no butter could be sold in any publle market in Ireland, or exported from it, without being previously examined and branded by a public in pecter, but compliance with this regulation is no longer compulsory, but is left to the discretion of the parties. It is enacted by statute 4 Will. 3. c. 7., that every warehorse-keeper, weigher, searcher, or shipper of butter and cheese, shall receive all butter and cheese that shalbe brought to him for the London cheesemongrs, and ship the same without undue preference; and shall have for his pains 21. 6d. for every load; and if he shall make default, he shal, on conviction before one justice, on oath of one witness, or confession, forfeit for every firkin of butter 104., and for every weigh of cheese 5.; half for the use of the poor, and half to the informer. And every such person shall keep a book of entry of receiving and shipping the goods, on pain of 2s. 6d. for every tirkin of butter and weigh of cheese. The master of a ship refusing to take in butter or cheese be fore be is ful laden (except it be a chee-monger's own ship sent for his own goods) shall forfeit for every firkin of butter refused 5., and for every weigh of cheese 2s. 6d. This act does not extend to any warehou e in Cheshire or Lancashire. Butter made in hot countries is generally liquid. In India it is denominated ghee, and is mostly prepared from the milk of buffaloes it is usually conveyed in duppers, or bottles made of hide, each of which contains from 10 to 40 gallons. Ghee is an article of considerable commercial importance in many parts of India. The Arabs are the greatest consumers of butter in the world. Burckhardt tells us, that it is a common practice among all classes to drink every morning a coffee cup full of melted butter or ghee! and they use it in an infinite variety of other ways. The taste for it is universal; and the poorest individuals will expend half their daily income that they may have butter for dinner, and butter in the morning. Large quantities are annually shipped from Cosseir, Souakin, and Massouah, on the west coast of the Red Sea, for Djidda and other Arabian ports. — (Burckhardt's Travels in Nubia, p. 440.; Travels in Arabia, vol. i. p. 52.) BUTTONS (Du. Knoopen; Fr. Bouton; Ger. Knöpfe; It. Bottoni; wizü; Sp. Botones) are well known articles, serving to fasten clothes, &c. manufactured of an endless variety of materials and forms. Rus. Pogo- It might have been supposed, that the manufacture of such an article as this would have been left to be carried on according to the views and interests of those concerned, individuals being allowed to select any sort of button they pleased. Such, however, has not been the case; and various statutes have been passed, pointing out the kind of buttons to be worn, and the way in which they are to be made! Most of these regulations have luckily fallen into disuse, but they still occupy a place in the statute book, and may be enforced. The following are amongst the more prominent of these regulations : - No person shall make, sell, or set upon any clothes, or wearing garments whatsoever, any Luttons made of cloth, serge, drugget, frieze, camblet, or any other stuff of which clothes or wearing garments are made, or any buttons made of wood only, and turned in imitation of other buttons, on pain of forfeiting 408. per dozen for all such buttons. (1 Geo. 1. c. 7.) No tailor shall set on any buttons, or button-holes, of serge, Jugget, &c., under penalty of 40s. for every dozen of buttons or button-holes so made or set on, No person shall use or wear, on any clothes, garments, or apparel whatsoever, except velvet, any buttons or button-holes made of or bound with cloth, serge, drugget, frieze, camblet, or other stuffs whereof clothes or woollen garments are usually made, on penaity of forfeiting 408. per dozen, under a similar penalty.(7 Geo. 1. c. 22.1 C. To prevent the frauds which it is alleged had taken place in the manufacture of gilt and plated buttons, an act, 36 Geo. 3. c. 6., was passed, which regulates what shall be deemed gilt and what plated buttons; and imposes penalties on those who order as well as on those who may make any buttons with the words "git" or "plated" marked upon them, except they be gilt and plated as the act directs. Inasmuch as this statute goes to obviate a fraud, it is, perhaps, expedient; but no apology can be made for the regulations previously alluded to, which are at once vexations and absurd. The importation of buttons from abroad was prohibited in the reign of Charles II. But the 6 Geo. 4. c. 107. § 52. repeded this prohibition, and they may now be imported, for home consumption, on paying an ad valorem duty. CABBAGE, a biennial plant (Brassica Lin.), of which there are many varieties. It is too well known to require any particular description; it is extensively cultivated in the vicinity of London. Sour crout, or properly sauer kraut, is a very favourite dish in Germany; it consists of a fermented mass of salted cabbage. CABLES are strong ropes or chains, principally used in the anchoring or mooring of ships. 1. Rope Cables are, in Europe, principally manufactured of hemp; but in the East they are very frequently made of coir, or the fibrous part of the cocoa nut, and in some places, particularly on the Red Sea, of the coating of the branches of the date tree. |