"How blest the hour and soft the scene,
When heav'nly light with glow serene,
Shedding around its holy rays,

Awakes the coldest heart to praise!" And another illustration of this point is shown in the tune "Divine Love," set to the hymn commencing

"Love divine, all love excelling."

The Union Tune-Book was published about twenty years ago (or rather my copy of it), and inasmuch as it contains nearly four hundred compositions, it may be taken as fairly elucidating the question of J. F. S. But I believe that if older tunebooks are referred to (such as Ravenscroft's or Day's Psalters, not to name others) it will be found that the tunes bear no names, but are distinguished by the numbers of the psalms to which they are put. Many tunes are still known by this method. (See the Old Hundredth Psalm, the Old Forty-first Psalm, and many others.) Then there is the "Ten Commandments Tune," and the like. Considering the whole question, I venture to assert (although not in a position absolutely to prove the theory) that the naming of psalm and hymn tunes came into use and was in fact necessitated as psalm and hymn-books multiplied, and tunes in like measure increased.

There is a point connected with the subject that I should like to mention. I have just examined seven different tune-books containing the tune "Divine Love," which is a Gregorian melody, and find it under the various names of St. Mildred, St. John, Daventry, and Florence. It is more than likely that by extending my search I should find it under as many more names. This duplicate naming of tunes is little short of a fraud upon the public, because a person buying a book with a number of tunes thus renamed is deceived, and instead of having a book full of new music, has a book of old tunes under fresh names. This is an evil that leads to endless confusion, and should be at once remedied. Compilers who wish to remedy it can easily discover the means of doing so.

SUMERSET J. HYAM.

Psalm-tunes were originally called by names or titles about 1620 to distinguish them from the old set first used, when the tune necessarily belonged to the words, as the Hundredth Psalm, the only one of that set remaining in common use. These names were supposed to designate the origin of the tune, or the locale of the author, "St. Davids" being considered a Welsh tune, "York" a northern tune; "St. James," composed by Courteville, a gentleman of the Chapel Royal; and in later times "Wareham," composed by the parish clerk of that place.

This rule has of late years been much disregarded-titles conferred indiscriminately; so that it is very possible the tune called "Cranbrook" may have nothing to do with Kent. T. J. B.

PRE-DEATH MONUMENTS. (3rd S. v. 255.)

The

The village of Aldermaston lies on the southern borders of the county of Berkshire, adjoining Hampshire, and not far from the famous Roman town at Silchester in the latter county. church of Aldermaston stands within the park of the estate, and close to the spot where formerly stood the fine old hall, burnt down about twentyfive years since. Inside this church is the alabaster altar-tomb of Sir George Forster, Knt., and his wife, which he himself caused to be erected; whereon are the figures of a knight in armour, times; and on the sides of the monument are the and his lady lying by him in the dress of the figures of eleven sons standing in armour, and eight daughters.

This Sir George Forster acquired the estate of Aldermaston by marriage with Elizabeth, granddaughter of Sir Thomas Delamere, Knt. The ancestor of Sir George was a younger son of the Forsters of Northumberland. Humphrey Forster, sheriff of Berkshire in Edward IV.'s reign, is considered by Fuller one of the worthies of that shire. Weaver, in his Funeral Monuments, states he was buried in the church of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, London, having the following epitaph:

FORSTER, Knt., whose body lies buried here in earth "Of your charity pray for the soul of SIR HUMPHREY under this marble stone: which deceased the 18th of September, 1500. On whose soul Jesu have mercy."

In Henry VIII.'s reign, another Sir Humphrey Forster, Knt., was sheriff of Berkshire and Oxfordshire. Fuller says of him :

"He bare a good affection to Protestants, even in the most dangerous times. Yea, he confessed to King Henry the Eighth that never anything went so much against his conscience, which under his Grace's authority he had done, as his attending the execution of three poor men martyred at Windsor."

Anthony Forster, Esq., the Tony Foster of Scott's novel of Kenilworth, according to Ashmole belonged to the same family. He represented Abingdon in the Parliaments of 1571-72. After the dissolution of the monastery of Abingdon, he was the first grantee of the estate of Cumnor Place, which was one of the country seats of the abbots. He bequeathed this property in 1572 to Robert, Earl of Leicester. Ashmole, who gives a narrative of the circumstances connected with the murder of Amy Robsart at Cumnor, in his History of Berkshire, observes:

"Forster likewise, after this fact, being a man formerly addicted to hospitality, company, mirth, and music, was afterwards observed to forsake all this with much melancholy and pensiveness (some say with madness), pined and drooped away."

A difference of opinion has existed on the character of Anthony Forster. Scott and Ashmole are among his detractors. The inscription on his

"An Inquiry into the Particulars connected with the Death of Amy Robsart (Lady Dudley) at Cumnor Place, Berks, September 8th, 1560; being a Refutation of the Calumnies charged against Sir Robert Dudley, Anthony Forster, and others. By J. T. Pettigrew. 8vo."

In 1711, Sir Humphrey Forster, Bart., died without issue; when Aldermaston descended to Charlotte, daughter of Lady Stawell, his sister, and William, third Lord Stawell. This Charlotte was married to Ralph Congreve, Esq., son of Colonel Ralph Congreve, Governor of Gibraltar in 1716. Lord Stawell resided almost constantly at Aldermaston. His insatiable love of play gave rise to the local proverb: "When clubs are trumps, Aldermaston House shakes." H. C.

GLASGOW.

(3rd S. x. 330, 361, 397, 457.)

no

:

C. F. D. will excuse me pointing out that I never stated that Norman-French was spoken by the Britons of Strathclyde. I referred to the later period, at which the name Lesmahgu was introduced, as a corruption of Le S. Machutus. For the fact that Anglo-Saxon and NormanFrench are the root of the names of churches and parishes in the Lowlands, I should wish better authority than the Origines Parochiales: "But more important still, a new people was rapidly and steadily pouring over Scotland, apparently with the approbation of its rulers, and displacing or predominating over the native or old inhabitants. The marriage of Malcolm Canmoir with the Saxon Princess Margaret has been commonly stated as the cause of that immigration of Southerns. But it had begun earlier, and many concurring causes determined at that time the stream of English colonization towards the Lowlands of Scotland. The character of the movement was peculiar. It was not the bursting forth of an over-crowded population seeking wider room. The new colonists were what we should call of the upper classes' of Anglican families long settled in Northumbria, and Normans of the highest blood and names. They were men of the sword, above all servile and mechanical employment. They were fit for the society of a court, and became the chosen companions of our princes. The old native people gave way before them, or took service under the strong-handed strangers, The lands these English settlers acquired they chose to hold in feudal manner, and by written gift of the sovereign. Armed with it, and supported by law, Norman knight and Saxon thegn set himself to civilize his new acquired property, settled his vil or town, &c."

Mr. Innes adds a note of some of the most important of these families, which might be largely increased if minor proprietors were enumerated. Even in Lanarkshire alone we have the Baillies, the Chancellors, the Jardines or Guardinos, the Loccards or Lockharts, the Veres, and many more. On reading D. B.'s note, and recalling to memory several incidents in the life of St. Mungo, as for instance that of the fish and ring, which

in the case of Glasgow Cathedral, there had been a change from the site of the original ecclesiastical edifice similar to that which we know took place at Sarum and at Melrose; and this I find is strongly confirmed by the Origines Parochiales. The see of Glasgow, after its first foundation by St. Mungo, appears to have been destroyed, and was not refounded till the time of David I., some centuries later. There is no doubt that the structure then erected occupied the site of the present cathedral; but the question is, was that the site of the wattled edifice of St. Mungo? I think it was not. The episcopal burgh which grew up naturally round the cathedral was bounded towards the river by the foot of the High Street, and by the Gallowgate, the Trongate, &c., while the church of St. Mungo extra muros, or Little St. Mungo, said to be erected on the spot where the saint preached to King Roderick, lies between these boundaries and the river.

Principal Macfarlane, in the New Statistical Account, gives another derivation which has not been noticed:

"Perhaps the most probable conjecture is that which derives it from the level green on the banks of the river, for many ages its greatest ornament. Glas-achadh, in Gaelic, pronounced Glassaugh, or with a slight vocal sound at the termination, Glasshaughu, signifies the green field or alluvial plain, and is strictly descriptive of the spot in question. The name of the town, as usually pronounced by Highlanders, corresponds closely with this

derivation."

The quaint and amusing book to which MR. RANKEN refers, is certainly no authority, as is shown from the fact that it places the Barony parish on the south bank of the Clyde. Bonshaw is in Dumfries, not Lanarkshire, and was held in 1682, when the first edition of the Nomenclatura was The word Abs, however, is certainly curious, but published, by James Irving, the captor of Cargill. I believe that it only indicates the author's claim to be a descendant of the Bonshaw family. It puts me in mind of a story of a workman of the repairs at "The Lee," fell off a ladder, and on name of Lockhart, who, being employed in some being picked up, declared that "Nae bodie could noo deny he cam off the house of Lee."

GEORGE VERE IRVING.

were given by the Britons of Strathclyde, and that Glasghu was their Gaelic successor.

I am happy to see that MR. IRVING has come over from the Norman-French to the Celtic. His suggestion that the British gwe, a ford, may be the terminal syllable of Glasghu, is well worthy of attention. I think, however, that the analogy supplied by "Linlithgow," as noted by D. B., outweighs it. MR. IRVING objects to caoch and cau, suggested by D. B. and myself, that it bears only the meaning of "a bowl-shaped hollow." This is not borne out by the Dictionary I have consulted-the important one published under the auspices of the Highland Society of Scotland, which gives caoch as an adjective only, and does not limit it to that meaning.

I think, before quitting this now well-ventilated subject, it is worth while noting another instance of analogy, in the case of a locality in Aberdeenshire, which has for at least five centuries borne the name of Glasgo, Glasgow, or Glasco, in which last form it appears in Gordon of Straloch's map in Blean's Atlas. It was in the middle ages a piece of forest-land, of no great extent, adjoining the forest of Kintore on the west, and the forest of Tullich on the east. The forest of Skene bounded it on the south. "The forest of Glasgo," or "Glasco," (the lands are still called "Glasgo-forest") lay in a small valley bounded by long gradual slopes of no great height, and was watered by two or three small brooks too insignificant, I should say, for any crossing-place to be dignified by the name of a gwe or ford. The valley is not "bowl-shaped," but irregular; and one of its slopes, far from any water, bears the quaint name of Glasgo-ego, or ega, which good Gaelic scholars inform me signifies "the slope of the green hollow."

The quotation given by Mr. RANKEN from the work of Christopher Irvine is, of course, not intended by that gentleman to be treated seriously. Many so-called traditions and derivations, however, not one whit less ludicrous, have been handed down from the Scottish chroniclers, heralds, and family historians of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and are accepted as matters of faith by too many persons whom, from their education and intelligence, it would be difficult to hoax on other subjects. C. E. D.

WASHINGTON. (3rd S. viii. 377, &c.)

In the Rev. E. C. M'Guire's Religious Opinions and Character of Washington, and in the article of some fourteen pages upon the same subject in Bishop Meade's Old Churches of Virginia (Philadelphia, 1857), the reader will probably find all that can now be known, and perhaps all that Washington himself ever cared that the world

should know, of his religious faith. Of his reverent piety the proof is overwhelming. To the point of the inquiry lately started in your pages, however ("Strange point and new!"), not many expressions coming directly from himself can be found more pertinent than the following:-In his address in 1783 to the governors of the States, when about to resign his military command, he says, speaking of the many blessings of the land, "and above all, the pure and benign light of revelation." He also uses the words, "that humility and pacific temper of mind which were the characteristics of the divine Author of our blessed religion." And in a letter to Gen. Nelson in 1778, "the hand of Providence is so conspicuous in all this, that he must be worse than an infidel that lacks faith."

A paper in his own handwriting, quoted in Sparks's Life, shows that he was one of the vestrymen in Fairfax parish-the church being in Alexandria, and the same, no doubt, as the one of which your correspondent in 3rd S. x. 441 speaks; and the name George Washington" also occurs as one of the vestry of Truro parish, in a deed dated in 1774, cited in p. 226 of the second volume of Old Churches.

"It is certainly a fact that for a certain period of time during his Presidential term, while the Congress was held in Philadelphia, he did not commune. This fact rests on the authority of Bishop White, under whose ministry the President sat, and who was on the most intimate terms with himself and Mrs. Washington. I will relate what the Bishop told myself and others in relation to it. During the session or sessions of Congress held in Philadelphia, General Washington was, with his family, a regular at tendant at one of the churches under the care of Bishop White and his assistants. On Communion-days, when the congregation was dismissed (except the portion which communed), the General left the church, until a certain Sabbath on which Dr. Abercrombie in his sermon spoke of the impropriety of turning our backs on the Lord's table-that is, neglecting to commune; from which time General Washington came no more on Communion-days."

Bishop Meade adds, "a regard for historic truth has led to the mention of this subject;" and he is very plainly an unwilling witness. Yet it is really all the evidence, pro or con, he has to offer in the matter. He refers indeed to the tradition of Washington's having once communed in a Presbyterian church (which a low churchman might consistently do), and says the testimony adduced to prove it ought to be enough to satisfy a reasonable man of the fact. I have heard the story before, but not the authority for it, which the bishop does not give, but speaks of as too well known for repetition. The present excellent and venerable Rector of Washington's church in Philadelphia (Christ Church), told me a few days ago,

SHELLEY'S "ADONAIS" (3rd S. x. 494.) -The phrase, "The Pythian of the age," is evidently, from the fitness of the allusion, intended to apply to Lord Byron. Moreover, Shelley, in a letter to Leigh Hunt, published in that author's Lord Byron and some of his Contemporaries, 1828, says, "Lord Byron, I suppose from modesty on account of his being mentioned in it, did not say a word of Adonais;" and the above is the only character in the poem which bears any marked resemblance to the noble bard and satirist. With regard to the persons referred to in stanzas 30 to 35, I think they are, 1st, Wordsworth, "The Pilgrim of Eternity" (see, for his claim to that title, inter alia, the ode on "Intimations of Immortality"). 2nd, Moore, "Ierne's lyrist." 3rd, Shelley himself, "a pard-like spirit;" spoken of depreciatingly as "one of less note," yet in the essential spirit of natural egotism, dwelt upon at much length and with intense earnestness. 4th, Severn, the artist, in whose arms Keats breathed his last.

I presume that it has struck many readers of Adonais (though I do not remember ever to have seen or heard the circumstance noticed) that a remarkable forecasting of Shelley's own fate seems to be expressed in several stanzas of that poem; particularly in the last stanza, where even the material incident by which he perished is allegorically represented. It will also be recollected that when Shelley's body was recovered, after the disastrous event, a copy of one of Keats's poems was found in his coat-pocket, open, as if at the place where he had been reading it when the sudden rising of the storm had interrupted him; and, further, that Shelley's ashes were interred in the same burialplace at Rome as the remains of Keats. These facts being borne in mind, Adonais is, apart from its poetic excellence, a work of singular interest. J. W. W.

In answer to C. W. M.'s inquiry as to who are the mourners alluded to in stanzas 30-35 of Adonais, I beg leave to suggest the following explanation. "The Pilgrim of Eternity" is, I should say, Byron, justly so called from his immortal Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. Stanzas 31 evidently refers to Shelley himself, who here modestly places himself amongst "others of less note." I am not quite clear whether the remaining three stanzas refer to another "mountain shepherd," or are a continuation of stanzas 31; I should say the latter, as much of the description is very appropriate to Shelley, for instance, a herd-abandoned deer, struck by the hunter's dart," and "his branded brow," &c. Stanzas 35 may refer either to Leigh Hunt or to Charles Cowden Clarke, most probably the latter, because Shelley speaks of his " teaching the departed one," which is confirmed by Keats himself, who, in his poetical address to C. C. Clarke, says,

"You first taught me all the sweets of song." The "Pythian of the age," in stanzas 28, is evidently Byron. The above are only conjectures, but I think they are reasonable ones.

JONATHAN BOUCHIER.

5, Selwood Place, Brompton, S.W. "LES ANGLOIS S'AMUSAIENT TRISTEMENT" (3rd S. x. 147.) — It has suddenly occurred to me that is to be found in the Memoirs of P. de Comines, the passage "Les Anglois s'amusaient tristement where he relates the festivities at Amiens after the interview between Edward IV. and Louis XI. on the bridge at Picquigny-sur-Somme. I have not a copy of De Comines to refer to, but if your correspondent JAYDEE has, I hope and think he will find what he is seeking.

Lymington, Hants.

FRED. CHAS. WILKINSON.

Your valued

CHAIN ORGAN (3rd S. xi. 11.) correspondent MR. W. H. HART, and Mr. Kingston, well known for his ready assistance to the numerous searchers at the Public Record Office, have pointed out to me that, in the Auditor's Privy Seal Book, 1636-1641, no. 9, folio 26, there is an entry of the warrant to Norgate, which I lately communicated to you, in which the words "a newe chaine organ are clearly written " a newe chaire organ." MR. HART, who is as well skilled in music as he is in records, has also informed me that "chaire was at that time a customary spelling of "choire" or "choir." The instrument in question was therefore simply "a choir organ." I may add that the Rev. J. H. Coward, incumbent of St. Bennet's, Paul's Wharf, and one of the canons of St. Paul's, has kindly promised me to send you such information respecting Norgate's burial as may be found in the register of his church.

JOHN BRUCE. MR. J. BRUCE has, no doubt, misread the word

in the extract he has sent regarding Edward Norgate and the new choir organ at Hampton Court. When I was one of the children of the Chapels Royal, I often copied music in the organ books, and, in all the old ones, the choir organ is frequently written "chair" or "chaire" organ. So, also, no mention was made of what we now term the "swell." It was, in the days of two hundred years ago, always called the "echo." I may add that a "chair," or as we term it, "choir," organ used to be enclosed in a smaller case by itself, and was placed in front of the larger, or great, organ. The same arrangement holds good now, in the majority of cathedral and collegiate churches. Many parochial churches have choir organs in front; and the new instrument erected some seven or eight years since by Messrs. Bevington, in St. Martins-in-the-Fields, conforms to the earlier practice. The organ in the Chapel Royal, Whitehall, was repaired some sixty or seventy years ago, and the choir organ was transferred to the interior of the great organ; but so essential a feature was its appearance, that the front was allowed to remain. Other instances of sham choir organs could be mentioned, but would only encroach upon valuable space. MATTHEW COOKE.

In all probability this is simply a misprint for chair organ, which some years ago was the designation of a small organ placed behind the seat of the organist, and on which he often sate; it might therefore have been called his chair, though in later times it is called the choir organ. I did once venture to suggest that these two organs, one (the great organ) in front of the player, and the other behind him, might have been the origin of the phrase, a pair of organs; but I was met with such a tempest of opposition, that I was fain to shorten sail. However, now another question has arisen as to pairs, I venture to creep out of my hole. A pair of stairs clearly means what workmen call a dog-legged staircase: one half reaching to one landing, and the other going on to the top. The stairs, at least before the introduction of winders, were in two equal halves, and formed a pair. A pair of scissors has two cutting blades; a pair of bellows has two moveable flaps; a pair of trousers has two legs; in fact, a pair of anything involves the idea of duality. Why then, I respectfully ask, does not a pair of organs mean an instrument divided into two parts, and with two rows of keys; a great and a choir (or perhaps in older phrase), a chair organ?

Poets' Corner.

A. A.

ORANGE FLOWERS, A BRIDE'S DECORATION (3rd S. x. 290, 381.)-This is, I suspect, a modern custom. The orange, indeed, is the golden apple of Hesperides, is eminent amongst fruits for its prolific qualities as well as for its healing virtues, but its employment at weddings does not appear

to have been an ancient custom. I should think it a fashion set by French milliners, and selected for its beauty rather than for any symbolical reason, since as a modern invention it is not to be traced to those times when symbolism was rife. The introduction of the orange into England is subsequent to the days of chivalry. JUXTA TURRIM.

HORSE-CHESNUT (3rd S. x. 523.)—If your correspondent W. will examine the bark of the stem stalk bearing the leaves has fallen in autumn, he or branch of a horse-chesnut tree from which the will see a very perfect representation of a horseshoe having the nails evenly and distinctly marked on either side. This information may guide him in his search for the derivation of the English

name of the tree.

COLONEL J. R. JACKSON (3rd S. x. 449.) Colonel Julian Jackson, F.R.S., died March 16, (Gentleman's Magazine, 1853, xxxix. 562; Journal of Royal Geographical Society, 1853, xxiii. p. lxxi.)

L. L. H.

BISHOP HARE'S PAMPHLET (3rd S. x. 513.) Bentley's Remarks on the Essay on Freethinking was first published in 1713, and inscribed to Hare, who thanked the author in a letter entitled "The Clergyman's Thanks to Phileleutherus." Soon afterwards the rupture between the two writers occurred, and in the subsequent editions of the Remarks Bentley consequently suppressed the inscription to Hare, which accounts for its absence in Mr. King's edition of 1725. The very high opinion which Warburton expressed of Hare as a critic is worthy of notice: "Go to the study of the best critics . . . . . above all Dr. Bentley and Bishop Hare, who are the greatest men, in this way, that ever were." (Rev. W. Warburton to Rev. W. Green, Nichols's Illustrations of Literature, iv. 852.) H. P. D.

and

AMATEUR HOP-PICKING (3rd S. x. 352, 422.) — Hop-picking is a favourite diversion, both for rich of my acquaintance employed themselves some poor. At Wateringbury last season some ladies hours daily, the farmer putting a bin on purpose for them, and the ladies receiving their pay the same as the poor. As for the poor, it is not uncommon for a mistress to come down to breakfast and find her maid has decamped, losing her place, and perhaps her character, rather than forego five or six weeks' hop-picking. As for its healthrestoring power, no doubt exists on that point. I