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difference between a loud and a high voice. A person may speak much louder than he does in ordinary discourse, without any elevation of voice; and he may be heard distinctly, upon the same key, either in a private room, or in a large assembly.

RULE IV.

Let the sentiments you express, be accompanied with proper Tones, Looks, and Gestures.

By tones, are meant the various modulations of voice by which we naturally express the emotions and passions.. By looks, we mean the expression of the emotions and passions in the coun

tenance.

Gestures are the various motions of the hands or body, which correspond to the several sentiments and passions which the speaker designs to express.

All these should be perfectly natural. They should be the same which we use in common conversation. A speaker should endeavor to feel what he speaks; for the perfection of reading and speaking, is, to pronounce the words as if the sentiments

were our own.

If a person is rehearsing the words of an angry man, he should assume the same furious looks; his eyes should flash with rage, his gestures should be violent, and the tone of his voice threatening. If kindness is to be expressed, the countenance should be calm and placid, and wear a smile; the tone should be mild, and the motion of the hand inviting. An example of the first, we have in these words: "Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels." An example of the last, in these words: 66 Come, ve blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you, from the foundation of the world."

A man who should repeat these different passages with the same looks, tones and gestures, would pass, with his hearers, for a very injudicious speaker.

The whole art of reading and speaking,-all the rules of eloquence, may be comprised in this concise direction: Let a reader or speaker express every word, as if the sentiments were his own.

GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR EXPRESSING CERTAIN PASSIONS OR SENTIMENTS.

(From the Art of Speaking.)

MIRTH or daughter opens the mouth, crisps the nose, lessens the aperture of the eyes, and shakes the whole frame.

Perplexity draws down the eye-brows, hangs the head, casts

down the eyes, closes the eye-lids, shuts the mouth, and pinches the lips; then suddenly the whole body is agitated, the person walks about busily, stops abruptly, talks to himself, &c.

Vexation adds to the foregoing, complaint, fretting, and lamenting.

Pity draws down the eye-brows, opens the mouth, and draws together the features.

Grief is expressed by weeping, stamping with the feet, lifting up the eyes to heaven, &c.

Melancholy is gloomy and motionless, the lower jaw falls, the eyes are cast down and half shut, words few, and interrupted with sighs.

Fear opens the eyes and mouth, shortens the nose, draws down the eye-brows, gives the countenance an air of wildness; the face becomes pale, the elbows are drawn back parallel with the sides, one foot is drawn back, the heart beats violently, the breath is quick, the voice weak and trembling. Sometimes it produces shrieks and fainting.

Shame turns away the face from the beholders, covers it with blushes, casts down the head and eyes, draws down the eyebrows, makes the tongue to falter, or strikes the person dumb.

Remorse casts down the countenance, and clouds it with anxiety. Sometimes the teeth gnash, and the right hand beats the breast.

Courage, steady and cool, opens the countenance, gives the whole form an erect and graceful air. The voice is firm, and the accent strong and articulate.

Boasting is loud and blustering. The eyes stare, the face is red and bloated, the mouth pouts, the voice is hollow, the arms akimbo, the head nods in a threatening manner, the right fist sometimes clinched and brandished.

Pride assumes a lofty look, the eyes open, the mouth pouting, the lips pinched, the words slow and stiff, with an air of importance, the arms akimbo, and the legs at a distance, or taking large strides.

Authority opens the countenance, but draws down the eyebrows a little, so as to give the person an air of gravity.

Commanding requires a peremptory tone of voice, and a severe look.

Inviting is expressed with a smile of complacency, the hand, with the palm upwards, drawn gently towards the body.

Hope brightens the countenance, arches the eye-brows, gives the eyes an eager, wishful look, opens the mouth to half a smile, bends the body a little forward.

Love lights up a smile upon the countenance; the forehead is smoothed, the eye-brows arched, the mouth a little open and smiling, the eyes languishing, the countenance assumes an

eager, wishful look, mixed with an air of satisfaction. The accents are soft and winning, the tone of the voice flattering, &c.

Wonder opens the eyes, and makes them appear prominent. The body is fixed in a contracted, stooping posture, the mouth is open, the hands often raised. Wonder at first strikes a person dumb; then breaks forth into exclamations.

Curiosity opens the eyes and mouth, lengthens the neck, bends the body forward, and fixes it in one posture, &c. Anger is expressed by rapidity, interruption, noise and trepidation, the neck is stretched out, the head nodding in a threatening manner. The eyes red, staring, rolling, sparkling; the eye-brows drawn down over them, the forehead wrinkled, the nostrils stretched, every vein swelled, every muscle strained. When anger is violent, the mouth is opened and drawn towards the ears, showing the teeth in a guashing posture; the feet stamping, the right hand thrown out, threatening with a clinched fist, and the whole frame agitated.

Peevishness is expressed in nearly the same manner, but with more moderation; the eyes a squint upon the object of displeasure, the upper lip drawn up disdainfully.

Malice sets the jaws, or gnashes with the teeth, sends flashes from the eyes, draws the mouth down towards the ears, clinches the fist, and bends the elbows.

Envy is expressed in the same manner, but more moderately. Aversion turns the face from the object, the hands spread out to keep it off.

Jealousy shows itself by restlessness, peevishness, thoughtfulness, anxiety, absence of mind. It is a mixture of a variety of passions, and assumes a variety of appearances.

Contempt assumes a haughty air; the lips closed, and pouting. Modesty or humility bends the body forward, casts down the eyes. The voice is low, the words few, and tone of utterance submissive.

CHAPTER I.

OBSERVATIONS ON FARMING.

SECTION 1. A farm is a tract of land used for the production of grass, grain, and other plants which are necessary to supply food and clothing for the human race, and food for domestie animals.

2. A good farm is one which contains fertile land, suitable both for grass and for tillage; which produces trees for fruit and timber, and is watered sufficiently with springs and streams.

3. Farming or agriculture is the necessary business of the largest portion of mankind, because the earth alone can supply provisions for man and beast.

4. Agriculture, then, is the most important, as it is the most general, employment of men. It was the first business of man; for God planted a garden, and placed Adam in it, to dress it and to keep it, that is, to cultivate it. Hence farming is a most honorable, as well as necessary, occupation.

5. The benevolent Creator has adapted the surface of the earth to the production of plants. That layer of earth, called soil, was evidently made with reference to this object.

6. The soil of the earth is of different kinds, consisting chiefly of mold, sand, or clay, or of a mixture; but so soft, as to permit the roots of plants to penetrate it, and the plow to cut and turn it over at the same time, it admits water, for nourishing the roots of plants.

7. Pure sand is too loose to retain water, and therefore does not afford the means of nourishing plants. Pure clay is too hard for many plants, but it is easily made sufficiently loose by manure, and as it retains water well, it makes a rich soil.

8. One of the best species of soil is the alluvial, that which is formed by the deposit of fine particles from streams and floods. This scil is found by the sides of rivers, and in valleys, and is usually called interval, or meadow. In some parts of the United States, it is called bottom, or bottom land.

9. Very stony ground, and steep hills, when they do not admit the plow, are often productive of grass for pasture, and of trees for fuel and timber. Stones are wanted for fences, and for walls of buildings; hills and mountains contain, also, springs and ponds of water, which supply streams to water the plains. Such is the ample provision made by the Creator, for the sustenance and comfort of men.

10. The first business of a farmer, is, to procure land and furnish himself with buildings, to shelter his family and his cattle from the inclemencies of the weather. For the latter purpose, the land, in most places, supplies him with the materials, timber and stones.

11. An essential article for the farmer is water. In many places, this is supplied by springs, rivers, or brooks; but where the land does not furnish these, water is almost always to be found in the earth, at a depth sufficient to keep it cool and pure, and yet accessible by digging.

12. The next thing to be regarded by the farmer, is, the procurement of proper instruments, or tools. The first of these in importance, is the plow; then follow the harrow, the ax, the hoe, the sythe, the fork, the rake, the cart, or wagon, chains, the shovel and spade, the sled and sleigh, for winter, in a climate where snow covers the earth, and many other articles of less importance.

13. The farmer should house his tools, whenever they are

not in use, as this practice renders them more durable; and the instruments of the prudent farmer will be always kept in good order. He will not neglect to repair a broken tool, till he wants to use it. Negligence in this particular, often occasions great loss of time.

14. The provident farmer will prepare for want, before the want occurs. This may be done in all cases, in which wants are certain to occur, in particular seasons. But when a want comes suddenly and unexpectedly, as if a chain or a plow breaks when in use, such a case is an exception.

15. A most important article with a provident farmer, is to supply himself with fuel, in the winter, when he is not hurried by other necessary business. Wood for fuel should be collected, prepared for the fire and housed, in winter. Dry fuel is better than green; as it is proved in distilleries, that dry wood makes more heat than green; but it must be used with economy.

16. In order to drying, the larger sticks should be split, for round wood will not dry or season well. The wood, when prepared, should be housed. It is a waste to suffer wood to lie exposed, for months, to alternate rains and sunshine. Dry wood is valuable, according to its weight; and when dry, the difference in value for fuel, in the kind of wood, is much less than when green.

17. "Build not your house too high," was the advice which the martyr, John Rogers, gave to his children, just before he was burnt at the stake. It is not wise to build a great house, which the owner can neither finish, nor furnish, nor keep in repair.

18. Let all buildings be kept in good repair. It is better to mend a small breach, than to wait till it is large. Buildings should be so tight as to exclude rain; for water hastens the decay of wood.

19. In procuring beasts for use, let the best kinds be selected; not always the dearest, for such are not always the best for a farmer. This is the case particularly with horses. But good oxen, cows, sheep and swine, are generally most profitable. They may cost a little more in the first instance, but the expen ses of feeding are nearly the same, and the taxes on good kinds are the same as on the poorer sorts.

20. In breaking horses for use, it is said to be a good method, first to lead the young horse, many times, by the side of another, then to place a saddle, or some weight, on his back, and lead him as before,-at last, let a rider be placed on him. This will teach him how to travel, and be guided by the bit. Young horses are often beat unmercifully, because they are obstinate and refractory; when, in fact, they do not move forward quietly, because they do not know what is required.

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