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from the bases of the same tenses in the primitive, unless the root end in a vowel. In that case the insertion of i may take place in the passive, although prohibited in the primitive, provided the final vowel of the root be first changed to its Vriddhi substitute. Thus, from chi, to gather," may come the base of the 1st and 2d fut. pass. chāyi (chāyitāhe, &c., chāyiṣhye, &c.), although the base of the same tenses in the primitive is che (chetahe, &c., cheshye, &c.). Similarly from hu and kri may come hāvi and kāri (hāvitāhe, kāritāhe), although the bases in the primitive are ho and kar. In like manner i may be inserted when the root ends in long ā, provided that, instead of a change to Vṛiddhi (which is impossible), y be interposed between the final a and inserted i. ā Thus, from dā, "to give," may come the base of the fut. pass. dāyi (dāyitāhe, &c.), although the base of the same tenses in the primitive is dā (dātāhe, &c.). But in all these cases it is permitted to take the base of the primitive for that of the passive, and chetāhe or chāyitāhe may equally stand for the 1st fut. pass.

*

In the case of roots ending in consonants, the base of the two futures in the passive will be identical with that of the same tenses in the primitive, the inflection being that of the atm.

The Third Preterite of Passives.

114. In this tense, also, variation from the primitive may occur when the root ends in a vowel. For in that case the insertion of i may take place, although forbidden in the primitive, provided the final of the root be changed to Vriddhi. Thus, from chi may come the base of the 3d pret. pass. achāyi (achāyishi, &c., form 1. p. 81.) although the base in the ātm. of the primitive is ache (acheshi, &c., form 2.). So also, from hu and kṛi may come ahāvi and akāri (ahāviṣhi, akāriṣhi, form 1.), although the bases in the atm. of the primitive are aho and akri (ahoshi, akṛishi, form 2.). Again, i may be inserted when the root ends in long ā, provided that y be interposed between final a and inserted i. Thus, from dã may come adāyi (adāyiṣhi, &c.), although the base in the atm. of the primitive is adi (adiṣhi, &c.).

* This explanation of the passive, although at variance with that of Wilkins and Bopp, rests on the authority of Pāņini (6. 4. 62.), and the Siddhanta kaumudī.

+ The root दृश्, however, in the passive, may be दर्शिताहे, दर्शिष्ये, as well as द्रष्टा, द्रक्ष्ये ; and हन् may be घानिताहे, घानिष्ये, as well as हन्ताहे, हनिष्ये; and मह् may be माहिताहे, माहिषे, as well as ग्रहीताहे, महीष्ये.

But in all these cases it is permitted to take the base of the primitive for that of the passive (so that the passive of chi may be either achāyiṣhi or acheshi), except in the 3d pers. sing. where the terminations ishta and sta being rejected, the base, as formed by Vriddhi and the inserted i, must always stand alone; thus, achāyi, “it was gathered"; ahāvi, "it was sacrificed"; akāri, “it was done "; adāyi, "it was given."

If the root end in a consonant, the base of the 3d pret. pass. will always be identical with that of the 3d pret. atm. of the primitive, except in the 3d pers. sing., where i ( being substituted for the terminations ishta of the 1st form and sta of the 2d form, invariably requires before it the lengthening of a medial a, and the Guna of any other medial vowel.* Hence, from tan, the form of the 1st, 2d, and 3d sing. 3d pret. will be atanishi, ataniṣhṭhāh, atāni; from kship, akshipsi, akshipthāh, akshepi; from vid, avedishi, avediṣhṭhāh, avedi. This 3d pers. sing. of the 3d pret. passive is not unfrequently found, even in the simplest writings.

The Benedictive and Conditional of Passives.

In these tenses the same variation is permitted in the case of roots ending in vowels as in the last; that is, the insertion of i is allowed, provided that, before it, Vriddhi take place in a final vowel capable of such a change, and y be interposed after final a. Thus, from chi may come the bases chayi and achāyi (chayishiya, achayiṣhye); from hu, hāvi and ahāvi; from kri, kāri and akāri; from dā, dāyi and adayi. But cheshiya, acheshye, hoṣhiya, ahoṣhye, &c., the forms belonging to the atm. of the primitive, are equally admissible in the passive.

Passive Infinitive Mood.

There is no passive infinitive mood in Sanscrit distinct in form from the active. But although the affix tum has generally an active, it is capable of a passive sense, when joined with certain verbs, especially with shak, "to be able." In the Hitopadesha it is also used passively, in connection with the participles ārabdha and nirūpita.

Passive Verbs from Causal Bases.

115. In forming a passive verb from a causal base, the affix ay is rejected, but the other changes of the root are retained. Thus, from the causal base pātay (root pat, "to fall") is formed the passive causal base pāty (pātye, "I am caused to fall"); so also, from sthāpay (sthā, "to stand"), sthāpy (sthāpye, "I am made to stand "); from pathay (path, "to read"), pāṭhy (pāṭhye, "I am taught to read ") from ज्ञपय् (ज्ञा to know”), ("I am caused to know.”)

66

*This rests on the authority of Panini, the Siddhānta kaumudī, and the Bhatti kāvya (15. 64, 65.).

INFLECTION OF THE BASE OF REGULAR AND IRREGULAR PRIMITIVES,

OR VERBS OF THE FIRST NINE CONJUGATIONS.

Before passing to the exhibition in full of the inflection of particular verbs under each conjugation, a synopsis is here
given of the inflection, 1st, of the primitive; 2dly, of the causal; 3dly, of the passive forms of the nine roots,
बुध्
No budh, “to know," of the 1st conjugation; nrit, "to dance," of the 4th; fe dish, "to point out," of the 6th; far vid,
"to know," of the 2d; hu, "to sacrifice," of the 3d; fchi, "to gather," of the 5th; for bhid, "to break," of the 7th;

tan, “to stretch," of the 8th; and q pū, "to purify," of the 9th. In this page is exhibited the inflection in the
conjugational tenses of those primitives which we have called regular; the base, which is always the same throughout
all the persons, being to the left of the terminations. In the two pages which follow this, is exhibited the inflection in
the conjugational tenses of those primitives which we have called irregular; the base, which varies in different
persons, being above the terminations. After this, all distinction of conjugation is done away, and in the pages which
succeed, the inflection of the nine roots in the non-conjugational tenses of the primitive, and in the causal and passive,
is exhibited, one below the other, in regular order.

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OBS. The base is to be united with the terminations thus, 1st pers. sing. pres. par. bodhāmi, “I know "; 2d sing.
bodhasi, "thou knowest "; 3d sing. bodhati, "he knows"; 1st dual, bodhavah, &c. Atmanepada, bodhe, bodhase, &c. So
also nṛityāmi, “I dance," nrityasi, &c. 1st pret. abodham, abodhah, abodhat, abodhāva, &c. So also anrityam, &c.

ema emahi eta

āma āmahai ata

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2. Vid

ved *

vet

vet

3. Hu 5. Chi

juho

juho juho

chino chino chino

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punā

vid vit vit vid vit vid juhu juhu juhu juhu juhu juhu chinu chinuchinu chinu chinu chinw bhinad bhinat bhinat bhind bhint bhint bhind bhint tano tano tano tanu tanu tanu tanu tanu punā punā puni puni puni puni puni

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bhind

tanw

pun

juhu juhu chinw chinu chinu chinu chinw bhind bhint bhint bhind bhind tanw tanu tanu tanu tanw pun puni puni puni pun

juhw

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avid avit avit avid avit avid avid avit avit avid avid ajuhav ajuho ajuho ajuhu ajuhu ajuhu ajuhu ajuhu ajuhav ajuhw ajuhu ajuhu ajuhu ajuhw achinav achino achino achinu achinu achinu achinu achinu achinw achinw achinu achinu achinu achinw abhinad abhinat abhinat abhind abhint abhint abhind abhint abhind abhind abhint abhint abhind abhind atanav atano atano atanu atanu atanu atanu atanu atanw atanu atanu atanu atanu atanw apunā apunā apunā apunī apunī apuni apuni apunī apun apun | apuni | apuni | apuni | арип

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OBS. The base is to be united with the terminations thus, 1st pers. sing. pres. vedmi, "I know"; 2d sing. vetsi, 3d sing. vetti, 1st dual vidwah, &c., 1st pret. avedam, avet, avet, avidwa, &c. So also, chinomi, "I gather," chinoṣhi, &c.; and punāmi, "I purify "; 1st pret. apunām (apunā with am).

POTENTIAL.

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vid vid vid vid vid vid vid vid vid vid vid juhu juhu juhu juhu juhu juhu juhw juhw juhw juhw juhw chinu chinu chinu chinu chinu chinu chinw chinw chinw chinw chinw bhind bhind bhind bhind bhind bhind bhind bhind bhind bhind bhind tanu tanu tanu tanu tanu tanu tanw tanw tanw tanw tanw puni puni puni puni puni puni рик pun pun pun pun

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2. Vid

ved

vid

vet

ved vit

vit

ved

vit

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chinav chinu bhinad bhint tanav tanu

chinu bhint tanu

punā punī punī

bhinad bhint bhind tanav tanu tunw punā punī pun

ved vid juhav juhu juhu juhav juhu juhwjuhav juhu juhu juhav juhw chinav chinuchinw chinav chinu chinu bhinad bhint bhint tanav tanu tanu pun

vid ved vit

vit

vid

ved vid vid

chinav chinw bhinad bhind tanav tanw

puni puni punā punā

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* An anomalous form of the 2d pret. of the root vid, "to know," is sometimes used for the present. Thus, sing. veda, vettha, veda; dual vidwa, vidathuh, vidatuh; plur. vidma, vida, viduh. Cf. (as noticed by Bopp, Comp. Gr. Prof. Eastwick's translation) the Greek ofda or Foida from the root Fid, also used with a present signification. Cf. also vidmah with idμev, vittha with iσre, and viddhi with too.

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