Imatges de pàgina
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COLLECTIVE COMPOUNDS (DWIGU).

155. A numeral is often compounded with a substantive to form neuter gender; thus,, “the four चतुर्दिशं, “ the four quarters "; त्रिदिनं, triduum); f, "three nights" ( , “three years" (cf. triennium).

a collective noun of the
ages" (for चत्वारि युगानि );
"three days" (cf. the Latin
being substituted for ufa);

a. Sometimes the final vowel of the substantive is changed to §; as, facient,

"the three worlds."

RELATIVE COMPOUNDS (BAHUVRĪHI).

156. The greater number of compounds in the preceding four divisions are terminated by substantives, the sense of each being in that case absolute and complete in itself. All such compounds may be used relatively, that is, as epithets of other words, the final substantive becoming susceptible of three genders, like an adjective (p. 32. †. p. 34. †.): and it cannot be too forcibly impressed upon the student that the terms Relative and Bahuvrīhi have reference to the adjective use of those compounds only which have a substantive in the last member. This is not to be regarded, therefore, as a distinct division of the subject of compound words, so much as a distinct view of the same subject, the object of which is to show that all compounds, which are in themselves absolute and complete in sense, and are terminated by substantives, may be used adjectively, and in the relation of an epithet to some other word in the sentence. We have given the name relative to compounds when thus used, not only for the obvious reason of their being relatively and not absolutely employed, but also because they usually involve a relative pronoun, and are sometimes translated into English by the aid of this pronoun, and are, moreover, resolved by native commentators into their equivalent uncompounded words by the aid of the genitive case of the relative (A). Thus, is a Descriptive compound, meaning, "great wealth": and may be used adjectively in relation to पुरुषः ; as, महाधनः पुरुषः, a man who has great wealth": or to स्त्री ; as, महाधना स्त्री, a woman who has great wealth," and would be resolved by commentators into यस्य or यस्याः महद धनं. In English we have similar compounds; as, "high-minded," "left-handed," and the like, where

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the substantive terminating the compound is converted into an adjective.

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Relative Form of Dependent Compounds.

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157. Many Dependent compounds (especially those that are instrumentally dependent) are already in their own nature relative, and cannot be used except in connection with some other word in the sentence. But, on the other hand, many others, and especially those which are genitively dependent, constituting by far the largest number of this class of compounds, are in their nature absolute, and yield a sense complete in itself. These may be made relative by declining the final substantive after the manner of an adjective. The following are instances: चन्द्राकृतिः, -तिः, -ति, moon-shaped" (p. 34. †.), from the absolute compound qfi:, "the shape of the moon"; ¶¦‚ -û, -¿‚* whose form is godlike"; सूर्य्यप्रभावः, वा, वं, * “splendid as the sun "; हस्तिपादः, -दा, दं, * ' elephant-footed '; सागरान्तः, -न्तः, -न्तं * “ending at the sea "; मरणान्तः, -न्ता, -न्तं, “ terminated by death "; कर्ण. पुरोगमः, -मा, मं, or कर्णमुखः, -,-,* “headed by Karṇa"; fag ATAI, -AT, -A, “ named Viṣhņusharma” (p. 42. note 1.); qua:, -a, -, “lotus-eyed" (r. 154. b.); “ called Nārāyana"; घनमूलः, -ला, -लं, “ founded on wealth ": लक्षसंख्यानि (agreeing with धनानि ), “money to the amount of a lac "; गदाहस्तः, -स्ता, -स्तं, “ having a club in the hand"; & ufu:, -fu:, -fu, "having arms in the hand "; पुष्प विषयः, -या, -यं, gwfa44:, -1, -, " on the subject of flowers," "relating to flowers." These examples are not distinguishable from absolute dependent compounds, except by declension in three genders.

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नारायणाख्यः, -ख्या, - ख्यं,

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a. Many of them, however, are not found, except as relatives; and if used absolutely would yield a different sense; thus, means "the face of Karņa," but when used relatively to "the kings headed by Karna." So also signifies "the eye of the spy," but when used relatively to , "a king who sees by means of his spies," the nom. case masc. being then.

चारचक्षुः

b. The substantive if, "a beginning," when it occurs in

* Seep. 32.†. पाद् may be substituted for पाद in compounds like हस्तिपाद.

the last member of a compound of this nature, is always used relatively to some word expressed or understood, and yields a sense equivalent to et cetera. It is necessarily found either in the plural or neuter singular; as, 4, "Indra and the others " (agreeing with the nom. case : expressed or understood, "the gods commencing with Indra "); cii, "of Agni and the others" (agreeing with at understood, "of those abovenamed things of which Agni was the first "); fa, “the चक्षुरादीनि, eyes, &c." (agreeing with fufu, "the senses commencing with the eyes "). When used in the neut. sing. it either agrees with gara, “the aforesaid," understood, or with a number of things taken collectively, and the adverb iti* may be prefixed; as, aff, "the word devān, &c." (agreeing with gaf understood, "the aforesaid sentence of which devān is the first word ");

fe, “by liberality, &c." (agreeing with some class of things understood, "by that class of things of which liberality is the first "). Sometimes आदिक is used for आदि; as, दानादिकं, “gifts, &c.": and sometimes; as,::, “the gods of whom Indra is the first "; or sometimes the substantive इन्द्रप्रभृतयः सुराः.

Relative Form of Aggregative Compounds.

fa; as,

158. Aggregative compounds are sometimes used relatively; as,, -a, -, "that which is liable to sorrow, sickness, and death"; especially in the case of adjectives or participles; as, Hey YH, -, -, “black and white "; gf, -, -, “bathed and anointed "; पौरजानपदः, -दा, दं, " city and country "; कृतापकृत:, -ता, -तं, “ done and done badly "; शुभाशुभ:, -भा, भं, -, “good and evil" (r. 153. b.). Examples are still more common under the

head of complex compounds.

Relative Form of Descriptive Compounds.

159. A greater number of compound words may be referred to this head than to any other. Every style of writing abounds

* Sometimes evam is prefixed; as, amicifa of, "lamentations

beginning thus."

एवमादीनि प्रलापानि,

with them.

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The following may serve as examples: अल्पशक्तिः, -क्तिः, -क्ति, “ whose strength is small" (p. 34. 1.) ; महाबलः, -ला, -लं, "whose strength is great" (r. 154. a. p. 32. †.); aut, -at:, -a:, "whose glory is great" (r. 68. 69.); He, -, -, "high-minded" (p. 41, 42.) ; उदारचरितः, -ता, -तं, “ of noble demeanour "; पण्डित, बुद्धिः, -f:, -f, “of wise intellect" (p. 34. †.); fœæna:, -an, -, “having a dear wife";*enezķerigi, -71,-,"not to be reconciled." अशक्यसन्धानः, -ना, -नं,

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a. Although a passive participle is not often prefixed to a noun in an absolute sense, this kind of combination prevails most extensively in the formation of relative compounds; as, TO, -ला, -लं, “ whose time has arrived "; जितेन्द्रियः, या, यं, " whose passions are subdued"; man:, -at:, -a:, “whose mind is composed"; भग्नाशः, -शा, -शं, “ whose hopes are broken "; हृतराज्यः, -ज्या, ज्यं, "whose kingdom is taken away"; f,:, -A:, whose glory is boundless";, -, -, “whose desire is accomplished," i. e. "successful"; nga:, -a, -¿, “by whom अनधिगतशास्त्रः, स्त्रं, the shastras have not been read"; f¶:, -, -, “whose heart -Å, is pierced."

Relative form of Collective Compounds.

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160. The following are examples of Collective or Dwigu compounds used relatively: fu:, -uff, -, “two-leaved"; fa, -✯t, -✯, “tri-ocular"; f,-, -, “three-headed" ( being substituted for मूर्द्धन्); चतुर्मुखः, -खी, खं, “four-faced "; चतुष्कोण:, -णा, -णं, quadrangular"; शतद्वारः, रा, -, "hundred-gated "; agfậu:, -a, -¿, "possessed of the four sciences"; guļa:, -al, -ai, thousand-eyed."

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Relative form of Substantives compounded with certain Adverbial

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Prefixes.

161. This includes a class of compounds possessing no corresponding absolute form, and composed of an adverb prefixed to a substantive. By far the greater number of these are formed with

* Occasionally the feminine of the adjective appears in the compound; as, :, “having a sixth wife.”

† Unless they be regarded as the relative form of Ayayībhāva compounds.

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the adverbial preposition सह, “ with,” contracted into स; as, सक्रोधः, -धा, -धं, “angry "; सुफलः, -ला, -लं, “fruitful" (p. 32. †.) ; सबन्धुः, -न्यु:, -न्यु, “ possessed of kindred” (r. 54, 55, 56.) ; सयानः, -ला, -लं, “ energetic"; सानन्दः, -न्दा, न्दं, " joyful"; companied by ministers";, -, -,

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ससचिवः, वा, वं, "ac“strung” (as a bow).

The following are examples of other adverbial prefixes: E., -धा, धं, with uplifted weapon"; uent, -u, -i, “of various forms "; क्वनिवासः, -सा, -सं, “ where dwelling”? क्वज़न्मा, :, :, -f, “fearless" (p. 33. †.);

"where born"?

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न्मा, न्म, mun fau:, तथाविधः,

COMPLEX COMPOUND NOUNS.

162. We have now to speak of those complex compound words, or compounds within compounds, which form the most remarkable feature in Sanscrit poetical composition. Instances might be given of twenty or thirty words thus compounded together, but these are the productions of the vitiated taste of more modern times, and are only curious as showing that the power of compounding words may often be perverted to the formation of a style the most extravagant and ridiculous. But even in the best

specimens of Sanscrit composition, and in the simplest prose writings, four, five, or even six words are commonly compounded together, involving two or three forms under one head. It will be easy, however, to determine the character of the forms involved, by the rules propounded in the preceding pages; in proof of which the student has only to study attentively the examples we are about to give. a. Instances of absolute complex compounds, whose sense is complete and unconnected, are not very abundant. The following may be taken as examples: कालान्तरावृत्तिशुभाशुभानि, “ good and evil (occurring) in the revolutions of the interval of time," the whole being a dependent, involving a dependent and an aggregative;

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rafaga, “the general and the overseer of the forces," the whole being an aggregative, involving two dependents; ufaभयत्राणं, "the protection from sorrow, enemies, and perils," the whole being a dependent, involving an aggregative; अवधीरित सुढद्दा, "the disregarded words of a friend," the whole being a descriptive, involving a dependent.

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