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formed from the cases of nouns; 2dly, as formed with affixes; 3dly, as of uncertain derivation; 4thly, as prefixes to other words.

Adverbs formed from the Cases of Nouns.

The following cases of nouns are used adverbially:

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a. The nominative or accusative neuter of any adjective; as, सत्यं, “ truly "; बहु, "much";, fat, "quickly "; y, "fitly"; समीपं, “ near"; लघु, “lightly "; निर्भरं, अत्यन्तं गाढं, भृशं, “ exceedingly "; 4,"certainly "; f," constantly"; 4, "strongly." बलवत्, The nom. or acc. neuter of certain pronouns; as,, therefore"; 4, wherefore," "when"; so long as "

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as long as "; fa, "why?" The nom. or acc. neut. of certain substantives and obsolete words; as, "secretly ";, “willingly ";," by name," "that is to say "; at "repeatedly "; चिरं, “ long ago"; सुखं, “ pleasantly "; साम्प्रतं, now"; night" (noctu).

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दक्षिणेन,

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by

b. The instrumental case of nouns and pronouns; as, u, "virtuously"; fa, "southwards";, "northwards "; , "above"; :, "below"; :, "slowly"; "therefore "; येन, ,"wherefore." The instr. case of certain obsolete nouns ; as, fat, "for a long time"; fat, "in a short time "; fa," by day”; दिष्ट्या, “fortunately "; सहसा, अञ्जसा, “ quickly "; अधुना, "now." c. The ablative case of a few nouns and pronouns; as, on, forcibly"; "at a distance"; "therefore"; ALATA, thin, "wherefore"? without cause, unexpectedly"; Fan, "from the north": and of a few obsolete nouns; as, fem, “for a long time ";, "afterwards."

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d. The locative case of a few nouns and obsolete words; as, रात्रौ, “ at night"; दूरे, “ far off "; प्राहे, “ in the forenoon "; स्थाने, "suitably";,"in front "; 2, "at once"; auf, “instantly "; अन्तरे, ," within."

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Adverbs formed with Affixes.

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133. चित् chit, अपि api, and चन chana, may form Indefinite adverbs of time and place, when affixed to interrogative adverbs; as, from कदा, when? " कदाचित् कदापि and कदाचन, “ sometimes "; from कुत्र when?", and ā, “ where?” कुत्रचित् कुत्रापि, क्वचित्, क्वापि, “ somewhere "; from कुतस्, whence?” कुतश्चित् and कुतश्चन, “ from somewhere "; from

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कर्हि, "when?" aff, "at some time"; from, "how?" कथञ्चन, somehow or other" (cf. r. 85.).

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a. tas (changeable to : or, r. 29.) may be added to any noun, and to some pronouns, to form adverbs; as, from ч, 4Mn:, "with effort"; from wife, fe," from the beginning"; from (the proper crude of the pronoun), :, "thence"; similarly, अत:, इतः, “hence." This affix usually gives the sense of the prepositions with and from, and is often equivalent to the ablative case; as, in :, "from me ";, "from thee ":* but it is sometimes vaguely employed to express other relations; as, чn:, behind the back"; :, “in the first place"; :, sides";, "in front"; f," near to."

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b. tra, forming adverbs of Place; as,, "here";

b.tra,

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"there";, where?" यत्र, where";

ga,

on all

"everywhere "; अन्यत्र, “ in another place"; एकत्र, “ in one place"; बहुत्र, “ in many places"; "there," "in the next world."

c. tha and tham, forming adverbs of Manner; as, 74, "so"; "as"; "in every way"; "otherwise "; यथा, सर्व्वथा, अन्यथा,

,"how?", "thus."

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d. dā, forming adverbs of Time from pronouns, &c.; as, T, "then"; ч, "when"; c," when?", "once "; far, "constantly "; aqqı, açı, “always.'

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e., dha, forming adverbs of Distribution from numeral adjectives; as, , "in one way"; fa, "in two ways";

"in

six ways";, “in a hundred ways";, “in a thousand ways"; "in many ways."

बहुधा,

f.vat may be added to any noun to form adverbs of Similitude ; as, from सूर्य्य, सूर्य्यवत्, “ like the sun "; from पूर्व, पूर्ववत्,

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as before."

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g.shas, forming adverbs of Quantity; as,

:, “abun

dantly"; :, “in small quantities ";:, "singly "; Mucun:, "by hundreds and thousands "; :, "by degrees.'

*These are the forms generally used for the ablative case of the personal pronouns, the

proper ablative cases, the crude, in compound words.

being never used except as substitutes for

Adverbs of Uncertain Derivation.

134. Of Affirmation.—, ag, fa, a, “indeed "; fq, “even.” a. Of Negation.—a, at, afe, “not.” मा, मास्म are prohibitive ; as,, "do not." is often used with the 3d preterite, the

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augment being rejected, as ff:, "do not " (p. 102.).

मा

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b. Of Interrogation. — किन्नु, कञ्चित्, नु, ननु, किमुह, " whether?” c. Of Comparison. – इव, “ like "; एव, एवं, “ 90"; किम्पुनर्, “how much rather."

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";,

d. Of Quantity.-,"exceedingly"; "a little "; once"; असकृत्, पुनः पुनर्, मुहुस्, भूयम्, “ repeatedly.”

e. Of Manner.-fa, v, “so," एवं,

'for the most part";

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qua,

thus"; पुनर्, “ again"; प्रायस्, variously"; "separately"; मिथ्या, “ falsely "; वृथा, मुधा, “ in vain "; अलं, “ enough "; झटिति, TS! (cf. Kús), "quickly "; quff, "silently."

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इदानों, सम्प्रति,

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f. Of Time, "to day," "now"; e, f, "now"; तदानों, “ then "; पुरा, “ formerly "; पुरस्, पुरस्तात्, प्राक्, before "; युगपत् "at once";, "instantly "; ùa,"

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g. Of Place., "here"; "where ?" af, where?" af, "without." h. Of Doubt.-faifen, afara, “perhaps."

किंखित्, अपिनाम,

Adverbial Prefixes.

135. a prefixed to nouns and even to participles with a privative or negative force, corresponding to the Greek a, the Latin in, and the English in, im, un; as, from 4, "possible," , “impossible"; from स्पृशत्, "touching" (pres. part.), e, “not touching. When a word begins with a vowel, is euphoniअन् cally substituted; as,, end"; "endless."

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a. fa ati, "excessively," "very "; as, fed, "very great." ā, prefixed to imply "diminution"; as,

b.

what pale."

is prefixed with the same sense.

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TE, some

c. kā or aku, prefixed to words to imply "disparagement ";

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d. दुर् dur, prefixed to imply "badly," or "with difficulty"; as, दुष्कृत, , "badly done" (cf. p. 15. note);, "not easily broken." It is opposed to, and corresponds to the Greek duo.

* These, however, admit of derivation, and a few others less obviously.

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e. fnir and fa vi are prefixed to nouns like a with a privative or negative sense; as, fa, "powerless"; fagna, unarmed"; but not to participles.

fsu, prefixed to imply "well," "easily "; as, done";, "easily broken."

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well

In this sense it is opposed to,

and corresponds to the Greek cû. It is also used for f, to imply "very," "excessively "; as, “very great."

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CONJUNCTIONS.

Copulative.

136.cha, "and,” also," corresponding to the Latin que and not et. It can never, therefore, stand as the first word in a sentence. It is not, however, like que, necessarily interposed between the first and second words, but may be admitted to any part of the sentence, being only excluded from the first place.

a. f, “for," like is always placed after its word, and never admitted to the first place in a sentence.

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b. aft, n, “if”; w, “then," "now," used very commonly as an inceptive particle. ततस्, 'upon that," "then" (r. 133. a.). अन्यच्च, किच, अपरच, परच, अपिच, “again,” “ moreover, " used very commonly before quotations., "also."

Disjunctive.

137. vā, “or," corresponds to the Latin ve, and is always वा placed after its word, being never admitted to the first place in a sentence., far, "but "; the former is placed after its word; чufq, “although "; fq, "nevertheless," "yet," sometimes used as a correlative to the last; अथवा, किम्वा, or else", "or not "; f, "whether," "whether or no." स्म, ह, तु, वै, are expletives, often used in poetry with no other object than to fill up the verse.

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PREPOSITIONS.

138. Of all the internal evidences of the antiquity of Sanscrit, there is none more decisive than the sparing use which this language makes of prepositions, in expressing the dependence of one word upon another. These aids to syntactical combination are always to be regarded as a result of modern refinement, incom

patible with the sternness and simplicity of the most ancient languages. Thus, even the Greek, which of all others is the most copiously provided with these auxiliaries, made comparatively small use of them in the days of Homer, and imitated the Sanscrit in expressing a variety of different relations by some of the cases of its nouns. It cannot be doubted that much ambiguity may result from this rigid rejection of any other aid to the construction of sentences than nominal inflection; but when, as in Sanscrit, even this inflection is but sparingly used, and long compounds are formed, consisting of words joined together in their crude state, the last only taking any case; and when even the assistance of a verb is often denied to guide the reader to the nature of the dependence of these words upon each other; we are forced to admit that this language would gain much in ease and perspicuity, if it were more abundantly supplied with such important elements of syntactical arrangement.

But let not the reader imagine that no prepositions exist in Sanscrit. It will be found by a reference to r. 165. that they exist in great abundance, but only as inseparable prefixes, qualifying the sense of roots, and the nouns and verbs derived from roots. There are only three, out of all this list of prepositions, that are ever used in government with nouns; viz. ā, prati, and anu; and of these the two last are never so used, except as postpositions.

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a.ā, generally signifying "as far as," up to," governs the ablative case; as, as far as the ocean";:, "up to Manu"; and rarely the accusative, as, “for a hundred births." But instances are not common of words in regimen with this preposition.

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b. f prati, generally signifying "at," "with regard to," against," governs the accusative; as, îşi fa̸, “at the Ganges धर्मं प्रति, “ with regard to justice "; शत्रुं प्रति " against an enemy." It sometimes has the force of apud; as, if, "apud me, as far as regards me."

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c. अनु is occasionally found governing the accusative; as, तदनु, "after that."

The preposition, however, is not separated from the word

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