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although in the very first instance, and in others which follow, the participle is deducible directly from a tense.

PRESENT PARTICIPLES.

PARASMAIPADA.

Formation of the Crude.

123. These are the only participles that have any affinity with the conjugational structure of the verb. The crude is formed by substituting at for anti, the termination of the 3d person plural of the present tense, so that the peculiarities of conjugation necessarily appear in the participle. Thus, from pachanti, "they cook” (3d plur. pres. of ч, 1st conj.), comes pachat, “cooking”; from ghnanti (3d plur. of han, 2d conj.), ghnat; from f, "they go,","going"; from f, 7; from juhwati (3d plur. of hu, 3d conj.), Jän juhwat; from nrityanti (4th conj.), nrityat; from chinwanti (5th conj.), fa chinwat; from apnuvanti (5th conj.), apnuvat; from rundhanti (rudh, 7th conj.), rundhat; from kurvanti (, 8th conj.), kurvat; from punanti (pū, 9th conj.), punat. So again from santi (3d plur. of as, "to be"), sat; from the causal darshayanti (p. 125.), darshayat; from the desiderative ditsanti (p. 130. e.), ditsat.

a. It has been remarked (p. 62. and p. 89., note †.) that the passive verb may sometimes assume a parasmaipada inflection; and that all the neuter verbs placed under the 4th conjugation may be considered as so many examples of this form of the passive. This theory is corroborated by the fact of the existence of a parasmaipada present participle derivable from a passive base. Thus from 4, 1947, "being seen"; from,, “being gathered."

Declension.

Thus,, nom. sing.

b. This in general conforms to r. 63. du. pl. masc. pachan, pachantau, पचन्ती, पचत्यौ, पचन्यः ; neut. पचत् पचन्ती, पचन्ति

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pachantah; fem.

c. But in irregular primitives of the 3d conj., and all verbs from polysyllabic roots, and all other verbs which reject the nasal from the plural of the parasmaipada (see p. 69. note), the nom. sing. masc. is identical with the crude, and ends in at instead of an; and the nasal is, moreover, rejected from the du. and pl.

masc., and from the fem. Thus, bibhrat (from ч, “to bear,” 3d conj.), nom. sing. du. pl. masc. bibhrat, bibhratau, bibhratah; fem. bibhratī, bibhratyau, bibhratyah. So also jugrat (from ) and shāsat (from ). They also drop the nasal in the dual neut.

d. It must also be taken as a general rule, that all other irregular primitives of the 2d, 5th, 7th, 8th, and 9th conjugations reject the nasal in the feminine, although they retain it in the masculine. Thus, adat (from ad, 2d conj.), nom. masc. adan, adantau, adantah; fem. adati, &c.; and rundhat (from rudh, 7th conj.), nom. masc. rundhan, rundhantau, &c., fem. rundhati, &c. But this rule is not universal, for kurvat (from, 8th conj.) is kurvanti in the nom. fem.

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124. The crude is formed by substituting amāna for ante, the termination of the 3d plur. pres. of regular primitive and passive verbs; and by substituting ana for ate, the termination of the 3d plur. pres. of irregular primitives. Causal verbs take either amāna or āna, but more frequently the latter. Thus, from पचन्ते pachante, पचमान pachamāna ; from तिष्ठन्ते ( sthā, 1st conj.), तिष्ठमान ; from नृत्यन्ते (4th conj.), नृत्यमान; from लिम्पन्ते (lip, 6th conj.), लिम्पमान; from the causal darshayante (p. 126.), either darshayamāna, or, more frequently, darshayāna; from vedayante, vedayāna; from the desiderative ditsante, ditsamāna.

a. But from a bruvate (, 2d conj.), a bruvāṇa; from (dhā, 3d conj.), ; from chinwate (5th conj.), chinwāna; from युञ्जते (7th conj.), युञ्जान; from कुवैते (8th conj.), कुब्र्व्वाण ; from पुनते (9th conj.), पुनान. The root आस्, "to sit" (2d conj.), makes

आसीन for आसान.

Declension.

b. These participles are declined like nouns of the first class, Thus, pachamāna, nom. masc. pachamānah, fem. pachamānā,

p. 31.

neut. pachamānam.

PAST PARTICIPLES.

Passive Past Participle.-Formation of the Crude.

125. This is the most useful derivative in the language, and is

T

of constant occurrence. It corresponds to the Latin participle in tus, and, like it, often supplies the place of the past tense. In neuter roots, especially those which imply motion of any kind, it is used actively, and often stands for the perfect tense active; as, faat ufag:, “he entered his hole";:, "he went to the village." And in all cases this participle may be used to supply the place of the past tenses of the passive verb, the agent being placed in the instrumental case, and the participle agreeing with the object: as, àn quaifa fsaifa, "by him the bonds were cut. Moreover, it may be used with the auxiliary verbs and अस् भू, "to be," to form a compound past or future tense, as the Latin participle is used with the auxiliary sum. Thus, if, “he has obtained"; ufqufa, "he will have obtained"; mìfm, "I am gone"; af, "it is done." कृतमस्ति, Lastly, it is sometimes used

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in the neuter gender for a substantive; as, q, “a gift"; i "an excavation."

דיי

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This participle may be regarded as falling under four heads: 1st, as derived from roots; 2dly, as derived from causal bases; 3dly, as derived from desiderative bases; 4thly, as derived from nominal bases.

1. Derived from Roots.

a. In general the crude is formed by adding ta (♬) directly to the root; as, from faq kship, “to throw," kshipta, “thrown"; or if the root end inr, by adding na (); as, from kri, “to scatter," kīrna, “scattered." Some roots in ā, ī, and ū, some in ai preceded by two consonants, with some of those in d, r, and j, rejecting inserted i, also take na instead of ta.

b. Roots ending in vowels do not admit inserted i in this

* This kind of construction is exceedingly common in Sanscrit, and has been transferred from it to Hindustani. The particle ne in this latter language corresponds most clearly to the Sanscrit na, which is the usual sign of the instrumental case, and can never occasion any difficulty if it be regarded in this light.

† In a few instances this participle has a present signification; as, , "fearing,"

fen, "standing." स्थित,

participle, although they may admit it in the futures* (p. 79. a. b. c.), but attach ta or na directly to the root: as, from yā, yāta; from ji, jita; from nī, nīta; from shru, shruta; from bhū, bhūta; from F, ; from ■, (r. 21.); from lī, līna; from, Du; from

lū, lūna.

c. But in certain cases the final vowel of the root is changed; thus, some roots in ā change ā to i before ta: as, from sthā, sthita ; from mā, mita; from daridrā, daridrita. Dha, "to place," becomes hita; dā, "to give," datta ;† pā, "to drink,” pēta.

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Hã,

'to quit," becomes hi before na (). Some roots in ā take both na and ta; as, from, and ; from with the preposition निर्, निर्वाण and निर्वात.

d. Roots in ri change rī to ir before na, which passes into na () by r. 21.; as, from ,"passed." But

from q, q, “full.” पूर्ण,

तृ

"to pass,"

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e. The root dhe, "to suck," becomes dhi before ta; hwe, to

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f. Roots in ai generally change ai to ā, before na or ta; as, from mlai, "to fade," mlāna; from, "to meditate," ध्यात; from दै, “ to purify, " दात; from त्रै, “to rescue, त्राण or त्रात. But from ,"to sing," ; from, "to waste,"

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g. Roots into change o to i; as, from so, sita; from , farm. h. Those roots ending in consonants which take the inserted i (p. 79. d.) generally take this vowel also in the past participle. In such cases ta is affixed, and never na; as, from pat, "to fall,” patita, "fallen "; and if u or ri precede the final consonant of the root, these vowels may take Guna; as, from dyut, dyotita; from मृष्, मर्पित. Grah, lengthens the inserted i (, “taken ").

i. Roots ending in consonants which forbid the inserted i must be combined with ta, agreeably to the rules at pp. 67, 68. Whatever form, therefore, the final consonant assumes before the termination tā of the 1st future (p. 80.), the same form will gene

* शो, however, makes शयित, and पू may be पवित as well as पूत.

† When prepositions are prefixed to datta, the initial da may be rejected; thus, ātta for ādatta, "taken”; pratta for pradatta, "bestowed"; vyätta for vyādatta, "expanded"; paritta for paridatta; sutta for sudatta, the i and u being lengthened.

rally be preserved before the ta of the past participle; so that, in many cases, this participle may be derived from the 3d sing. of the 1st future by shortening the final ā, and, if necessary, restoring the radical vowel to its original state. Thus, taking some of the examples at p. 80; shaktā, "he will be able," gives shakta, "able"; sektā, "he will sprinkle," sikta, "sprinkled "; moktā, mukta; чë, që; tyaktā, tyakta; yoktā, yukta;, E; ATÊT, HE; seddhā, siddha; boddha, buddha; yoddhā, yuddha; ksheptā, kshipta ; loptā, lupta; sarptā, sripta; kalptā, klripta; labdhā, labdha; lobdhā, lubdha ; वेष्टा, विष्ट ; द्रष्टा, दृष्ट; क्रोष्टा, क्रुष्ट; तष्टा, तष्ट; एष्टा, इष्ट; द्वेष्टा, द्विष्ट ; दोष्टा, दुष्ट; क्रष्टा, कृष्ट; दग्धा, दग्ध; सोढा, सोढ; नड्डा, नड; गाढा, गाढ; लेढा, लौढ (p. 68. 1.) ; देग्धा, दिग्ध; स्वग्धा, स्निग्ध; रोढा, रूढ (p. 68. h.) ; मोढा, मूढ; or मोग्धा, मुग्ध; दोग्धा, दुग्ध; गोढा, गूढ.

j. Most roots ending in d, forbidding the inserted i, take na instead of ta, and are combined with na, agreeably to r. 15; as, from pad, panna; from ad, anna; from bhid, bhinna; from ¿, with the preposition fa, faчu (r. 30. and 21.)

k. Those roots ending in j, which take na, change j to g before na; as, from vij, vigna; from ruj, rugna. So from masj, rejecting the s, magna; from lasj, lagna.

1. Some roots which admit i in the futures, forbid it in this participle ; as, घृष्, in 1st fut. धर्षिता, in part. घृष्ट ; so अर्द, अर्दिता, but अत्रे (with ā prefixed, आते, “ pained"); दृह्, दर्हिता, but दृढ; मद्, मदिता,

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m. If in forming the passive base (p. 90. f.), or in the 2d pret. (p. 76. d.), the v or y contained in a root are changed to their semi-vowels u or i, the same change takes place in the pass. participle; thus, from vach, "to say," ukta; from vap, upta; from वह्, ऊढ; from स्वप्, सुप्त; from यज्, इष्ट. [, इष्ट. Similarly, from दिव्, द्यून or द्यूत ; from त्वर्, तूर्ण.

n. Some other changes which take place in forming the passive base (see p. 90. d. f.) are preserved before ta; thus, from, fare; from व्यघ्, विद्ध. fas. And when the root ends in two conjunct consonants, of which the first is a nasal, this nasal is rejected; as, from बन्घ्, बद्ध; from भ्रंश्, भ्रष्ट ; from अन्न, अक्त; from सन्न, सक्त; from भन्, भग्नः but not if i is inserted ; as, from खराइ, खण्डित; from क्रन्द्, क्रन्दित (except मन्थ्, making मथित).

o. Roots ending in m or n reject these nasals before ta; as,

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