ADAMS-GRANT-PROCTOR-LOCKYER. The discoverer of the planet Neptune, MR JOHN COUCH ADAMS (born in 1816), is an instance of persevering original genius. He was intended by his father, a farmer near Bodmin, in Cornwall, to follow the paternal occupation, but was constantly absorbed in mathematical studies. He entered St John's College, became senior wrangler in 1843, was soon after elected to a Fellowship, and became one of the mathematical tutors of his college. In 1844 he sent to the Greenwich Observatory a paper on the subject of the discovery whence he derives his chief fame. Certain irregularities in the planet Uranus being unaccounted for, Mr Adams conceived that they might be occasioned by an undiscovered planet beyond it. He made experiments for this purpose; and at the same time a French astronomer, M. Le Verrier, had arrived at the same result, assigning the place of the disturbing planet to within one degree of that given by Mr Adams. The honour was thus divided, but both were independent discoverers. In 1858 Mr Adams was appointed Lowndean Professor of Astronomy, Cambridge. A History of Physical Astronomy, 1852, by ROBERT GRANT, is a work of great research and completeness, bringing the history of astronomical progress down to 1852. In conjunction with Admiral Smyth, Mr Grant has translated Arago's Popular Astronomy, and he was conjoined with the Rev. B. Powell in translating Arago's Eminent Men, 1857. Mr Grant is a native of Grantown, Inverness-shire, born in 1814. In 1859, on the death of Professor Nichol, Mr Grant was appointed to the chair of Practical Astronomy in the university of Glasgow. Two of our younger men of science, happily engaged in popularising astronomy, are RICHARD A. PROCTOR and JOSEPH NORMAN LOCKYER. The former (late scholar of St John's College, Cambridge, and King's College, London)'is author of Saturn andrits System, 1865; The Expanse of Heaven (a series of essays on the wonders of the firmament), Light Science for Leisure Hours, Our Place among Infinities, 1875; Science Byways, 1876; and a great number of other occasional short astronomical treatises. Mr Lockyer (born at Rugby in 1836) was in 1870 appointed Secretary of the Royal Commission on Scientific Instruction, and the same year he was chief of the English Government Eclipse Expedition to Sicily. In the following year he was elected Rede Lecturer to the university of Cambridge. Mr Lockyer is author of Elementary Lessons in Astronomy, and of various interesting papers in the literary journals. He is editor of Nature, a weekly scientific periodical. treatise which formed a part of the volume entitled Essays and Reviews. In some of these treatises, he discusses matters on the border-land between religion and science, and his opinions on miracles excited considerable controversy. Researches into the Physical History of Mankind, by DR JAMES C. PRICHARD (1785-1848), a work in five volumes, 1836-47, and The Natural History of Man, one volume, 1843, open up a subject of interest and importance. Dr Prichard's investigations tend to confirm the belief that 'man is one in species, and to render it highly probable that all the varieties of this species are derived from one pair and a single locality on the earth. He conceives that the negro must be considered the primitive type of the human race-an idea that contrasts curiously with Milton's poetical conception of Adam, his 'fair, large front,' and 'eye sublime,' and 'hyacinthine locks,' and of Eve with her 'unadorned golden tresses.' Dr Prichard rests his theory on the following grounds: (1) That in inferior species of animals any variations of colour are chiefly from dark to lighter, and this generally as an effect of domesticity and cultivation; (2) That we have instances of light varieties, as of the Albino among negroes, but never anything like the negro among Europeans; (3) That the dark races are better fitted by their organisation for the wild or natural state of life; and (4) That the nations or tribes lowest in the scale of actual civilisation have all kindred with the negro race. Of course, this conclusion must be conjectural: there is no possibility of arriving at any certainty on the subject. SIR WILLIAM HAMILTON, ETC. This eminent metaphysician sustained for some years the fame of the Scottish colleges for the study of the human mind. He was a native of Glasgow, born March 8, 1788, son of Dr William Hamilton, Professor of Anatomy and Botany. He was of an old Presbyterian stock, the Hamiltons of Preston. A certain Sir William Hamilton was created a baronet of Nova Scotia in 1673, and dying without_ issue, he was succeeded by his brother, Sir Robert Hamilton, the leader-or rather misleader-of the Covenanters at Bothwell Bridge. This baronet, after the Revolution of 1688, refused to acknowledge King William III., as being an uncovenanted sovereign.' He did not assume the baronetcy, but the Scottish philos opher in 1816 established his claim to the title which the conscientious, wrong-headed baronet refused, and became the twenty-fourth representative of the old name and house. William Hamilton studied at Glasgow University, and, like his townsman, J. G. Lockhart, obtained a presentation to Balliol College, Oxford, as a Snell exhibitioner. During his academical career, he was distinguished for the extent and accuracy of his knowledge, and for his indefatigable application as a student of ancient and modern literature. The REV. BADEN Powell (1796-1860), for some He afterwards studied law, and was called to the time Savilian Professor of Geometry, Oxford, was Scottish bar in 1813. In 1820 he was a candidate author of a History of Natural Philosophy, 1842; for the chair of Moral Philosophy, vacant by the a series of three Essays on the Spirit of the Induc- death of Dr Brown, but was defeated by the Tory tive Philosophy, the Unity of Worlds, and the candidate, Mr John Wilson, the famous 'ChristoPhilosophy of Creation, 1855; a work entitled pher North.' The state of the vote was twentyThe Order of Nature, 1859; and an essay On one to eleven. Hamilton next year obtained the the Study and Evidences of Christianity, 1860—a | appointment of Professor of Civil History. In 742 BADEN POWELL-PRICHARD. whole philosophy turns round those topics which as 1829 he wrote for the Edinburgh Review an article on Cousin's Cours de Philosophie, which seems to have been the first public general exhibition of his talent as a powerful thinker, and which was hailed by the metaphysicians of the day, British and foreign-then a very limited class-as a production of extraordinary ability. He wrote other articles for the Review-papers on phrenology (to which he was strenuously opposed), on perception, on the philosophers Reid and Brown, and on logic. These essays were collected and published under the title of Discussions in Philosophy and Literature, Education, and University Reform, 1852. In 1836 Sir William was elected to the chair of Logic and Metaphysics in Edinburgh, after a severe contest, in which the rival candidate was Isaac Taylor, author of The Natural History of Enthusiasm, and other works (ante, p. 684). The appointment rested with the towncouncil, and Sir William had a majority of foureighteen members of council voting for him, and fourteen for Mr Taylor. His lectures were well attended, and he took much interest in his class. His writings, though limited in quantity, were influential, and according to Professor Veitch, the spring-time of a new life in Scottish speculation had begun. A more profound analysis, a more comprehensive spirit, a learning that had surveyed the philosophical literature of Greece and Germany, and marked the relative place in the intellectual world of the sturdy growths of home thought, were the characteristics of the man who had now espoused the cause of Scottish speculative philosophy.' Sir William Hamilton died May 6, 1856, at which time he had reached the age of sixty-eight. He was regarded as the most profound philosophical scholar of his daya man of immense erudition and attainments. His principal works were, as we have said, contributions to the Edinburgh Review, but he also edited the works of Dr Thomas Reid, 1846, adding preface, notes, and supplementary dissertations; and at the time of his death, was engaged on Some knowledge of their object-matter and method the works of Professor Dugald Stewart. He con- is requisite to the philosopher; but their study should templated a memoir of Stewart, but did not live be followed out temperately, and with due caution. A to accomplish the task. This, however, has since mathematician in contingent matter is like an owl in been done by one of his pupils, MR JOHN VEITCH, daylight. Here, the wren pecks at the bird of Pallas, 1858. The most celebrated of Sir William Hamil- without anxiety for beak or talon; and there, the feeblest reasoner feels no inferiority to the strongest ton's essays are those against phrenology, on calculator. It is true, no doubt, that a power of matheCousin and the philosophy of the unconditioned, matical and a power of philosophical, of general logic, on perception, and on Whately and logic. His may sometimes be combined; but the individual who philosophy,' says a Scottish metaphysician in the unites both, reasons well out of necessary matter, from a North British Review, 'is a determined recoil still resisting vigour of intellect, and in spite, not in against the method and systems of Mylne and consequence, of his geometric or algebraic dexterity. Brown, the two professors who, in Hamilton's He is naturally strong-not a mere cipherer, a mere younger years, were exercising the greatest influ- demonstrator; and this is the explanation why Mr De ence on the opinions of Scottish students. So far Morgan, among other mathematicians, so often argues as he felt attractions, they were towards Reid, the right. Still, had Mr De Morgan been less of a mathegreat metaphysician of his native college; Áris-matician, he might have been more of a philosopher; totle, the favourite at Oxford, where he completed and be it remembered that mathematics and dram-drinkhis education; and Kant, whose sun was rising from the German Ocean on Britain, and this, in spite of all opposing clouds, about the time when Hamilton was forming his philosophic creed. Professor Ferrier thinks that the "dedication of his powers to the service of Reid" was the "one mistake in his career;" to us it appears that it must rather have been the means of saving one possessed of so speculative a spirit from numberless aberrations. But Kant exercised as great an influence over Hamilton as even Reid did. His On Mathematics. ing tell, especially in the long-run. For a season, I admit Toby Philpot may be the champion of England; and Warburton testifies, It is a thing notorious that the oldest mathematician in England is the worst reasoner in it.' Notes of Sir William Hamilton's lectures were taken by students and shorthand reporters, and they have been published in four volumes, 18591861, edited by Professors Mansel and Veitch. The latter, in 1869, published a Memoir of Sir William, undertaken at the request of the family of the deceased philosopher. Professor Veitch, in his summary of the character and aims of the subject of his interesting memoir, says: FERRIER (who possessed the chair of Moral DEAN MANSEL. Hé 'To the mastery and treatment of a subject, the esssential preliminary with Sir William Hamilton was reading. He must know, in the first place, what had been thought and written by others on the point which he proposed to consider. In this A distinguished metaphysician, the REV. respect he may be taken as the extreme contrast HENRY LONGUEVILLE MANSEL, was born in of many men who have given their attention to 1820, son of a clergyman of the same name, speculative questions. Hobbes, Locke, Brown rector of Cotsgrove, in Northamptonshire. to say nothing of writers nearer the present time was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and were content with a very limited knowledge of St John's College, Oxford, of which he was the conclusions of others on the subjects which elected scholar in 1839. He graduated B.A. in they discussed. Hamilton's writings shew how 1843. In 1855 he was appointed Reader in Moral little he sympathised with men of the non-reading and Metaphysical Philosophy in Magdalen College, type--how he was even blinded, to some extent, Oxford; and in 1858 he delivered the Bampton to their proper merits-as in his references to Lectures, which were published with the title of Brown and Whately. In the universality of his The Limits of Religious Thought, and occasioned reading, and knowledge of philosophical opinions, considerable controversy, into which the Rev. T. he is to be ranked above all those in Britain who D. Maurice entered. In 1859 Mr Mansel was have given their attention to speculative questions appointed Waynflete Professor of Philosophy; in since the time of Bacon, with the exception, per- 1866, Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History haps, of Cudworth. Dugald Stewart was probably and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford ; and in 1868, his superior in acquaintance with general litera- Dean of St Paul's. The published works of Mr ture, but certainly far from his equal in philo- Mansel are various. In his nonage he issued a sophical learning. On the continent, the name | volume of poems, The Demons of the Wind, &c., which in this respect can be placed most fittingly 1838. This flight of fancy was followed by his alongside of Hamilton during the same period, is metaphysical and philosophical treatises: AldLeibnitz. rich's Logic, with notes, 1849; Prolegomena Logica, 'Between Leibnitz and Hamilton, indeed, amid 1851; Psychology, a lecture, 1855; Lecture on the essential differences in their views of what is Philosophy of Kant, 1856; the article Metaphysics within the compass of legitimate speculation, there in eighth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, are several points of resemblance. The predom- 1857; the Bampton Lectures, 1858; The Philinating interest of each lay in the pursuit of purely osophy of the Conditioned; comprising some Reintellectual ideals and wide-reaching general laws, marks on Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy, especially in the highest departments of meta- and on Mr 7. S. Mill's Examination of that physics. Both were distinguished by rare acute- | Philosophy, 1866. Mr Mansel was associated ness, logical consecution, deductive habit of mind, with Professor Veitch in editing Sir William and love of system. They were greater thinkers Hamilton's lectures. than observers; more at home among abstract conceptions than concrete realities. Both had a deep interest in the important intellectual and moral questions that open on the vision of thoughtful men in the highest practical sphere of all-the border-land of metaphysics and theology; both had the truest sympathy with the moral side of speculation. In each there was a firm conviction that our thoughts and feelings about the reality and nature of Deity, his relation to the world, human personality, freedom, responsibility, man's relation to the Divine, were to be vitalised, to receive a meaning and impulse, only from reflection on the ultimate nature and reach of human thought.' The words on Sir William Hamilton's tomb-metaphysical opinions of Mr Mill warped his stone are striking: 'His aim was, by a pure judgment as to the Baconian system, but he philosophy, to teach that now we see through a expounds his views with clearness and candour, glass darkly, now we know in part: his hope that and is a profound as well as independent thinker. in the time to come, he should see face to face, This was still further evinced in his work On and know even as also he is known.' Liberty, 1859, in which he describes and denounces that 'strong permanent leaven of intolerance which at all times abides in the middle classes of this country, and which, he thinks, subjects society to an intolerable tyranny. Sir William's favourite study of logic has been well treated in An Introduction to Logical Science, by the late PROFESSOR SPALDING of St Andrews, which forms an excellent text-book as to the progress of the science, 1858. Mr Spalding was also author of Italy and the Italians, an historical and literary summary, 1845, and The History of English Literature, 1853, a very careful and ably written little manual. Professor Spalding died in 1859. Another Professor of St Andrews, JAMES | JOHN STUART MILL. This philosophical author (son of the late historian of British India, ante, p. 336) has professed to supersede the Baconian principle of induction, without which, according to Reid, experience is as blind as a mole.' În 1846, Mr Mill published A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence and the Methods of Scientific Investigation, two volumes. He was author, also, of Essays on some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy, 1844, and The Principles of Political Economy, two volumes, 1848. Social Intolerance, The Though we do not inflict so much evil on those who think differently from us as it was formerly our custom to do, it may be that we do ourselves as much evil as ever by our treatment of them. Socrates was put to death, but the Socratic philosophy rose like the sun in heaven, and spread its illumination over the whole intellectual firmament. Christians were cast to the lions, but the Christian Church grew up a stately and spreading tree, overtopping the older and less vigorous growths, and stifling them by its shade. Our merely social intolerance kills no one, roots out no opinions, but induces men to disguise them, or to abstain from any active effort for their diffusion. With us, heretical opinions do not perceptibly gain or even lose ground in each decade or generation. They never blaze out far and wide, but continue to smoulder in the narrow circles of thinking and studious persons, among whom they originate, without ever lighting up the general affairs of mankind with either a true or a deceptive light. . . . A convenient plan for having peace in the intellectual world, and keeping all things going on therein very much as they do already. But the price paid for this sort of intellectual pacification is the sacrifice of the entire moral courage of the human mind. A state of things in which a large portion of the most active and inquiring intellects find it advisable to keep the genuine principles and grounds of their convictions within their own breasts, and attempt, in what they address to the public, to fit as much as they can of their own conclusions to premises which they have internally renounced, cannot send forth the open, fearless characters, and logical consistent intellects who once adorned the thinking world. The sort of men who can be looked for under it are either mere conformers to commonplace or time-servers for truth, whose arguments on all great subjects are meant for their hearers, and are not those which have convinced themselves. Those who avoid this alternative do so by narrowing their thoughts and interest to things which can be spoken of without venturing within the region of principles-that is, to small practical matters which would come right of themselves if but the minds of mankind were strengthened and enlarged, and which will never be made effectually right until then-while that which would strengthen and enlarge men's minds, free and daring speculation on the highest subjects, is abandoned. On the Laws against Intemperance. Under the name of preventing intemperance, the people of one English colony, and of nearly half the United States, have been interdicted by law from making any use whatever of fermented drinks, except for medical purposes; for prohibition of their sale is, in fact, as it is intended to be, prohibition of their use. And though the impracticability of executing the law has caused its repeal in several of the states which had adopted it, including the one from which it derives its name, an attempt has notwithstanding been commenced, and is prosecuted with considerable zeal by many of the professed philanthropists, to agitate for a similar law in this country. The association, or 'Alliance,' as it terms itself, which has been formed for this purpose, has acquired some notoriety through the publicity given to a correspondence between its secretary and one of the very few English public men who hold that a politician's opinions ought to be founded on principles. Lord Stanley's share in this correspondence is calculated to strengthen the hopes already built on him, by those who know how rare such qualities as are manifested in some of his public appearances, unhappily are among those who figure in political life. The organ of the Alliance, who would deeply deplore the recognition of any principle which could be wrested to justify bigotry and persecution,' undertakes to point out the 'broad and impassable barrier' which divides such principles from those of the association. 'All matters relating to thought, opinion, conscience, appear to me,' he says, 'to be without the sphere of legislation; all pertaining to social act, habit, relation, subject only to a discretionary power vested in the state itself, and not in the individual to be within it.' No mention is made of a third class, different from either of these-namely, acts and habits which are not social, but individual-although it is to this class, surely, that the act of drinking fermented liquors belongs. Selling fermented liquors, however, is trading, and trading is a social act. But the infringement complained of is not on the liberty of the seller, but on that of the buyer and consumer; since the state might just as well forbid him to drink wine, as purposely make it impossible for him to obtain it. The secretary, however, says: "I claim, as a citizen, a right to legislate whenever my social rights are invaded by the social act of another.' And now for the definition of these 'social rights.' 'If anything invades my social rights, certainly the traffic in strong drink does. It destroys my primary right of security, by constantly creating and stimulating social disorder. It invades my right of equality, by deriving a profit from the creation of a misery I am taxed to support. It impedes my right to free moral and intellectual development, by surrounding my path with dangers, and by weakening and demoralising society, from which I have a right to claim mutual aid and intercourse.' A theory of 'social rights,' the like of which probably never before found its way into distinct language; being nothing short of this-that it is the absolute social right of every individual, that every other individual shall act in every respect exactly as he ought; that whosoever fails thereof in the smallest particular, violates my social right, and entitles me to demand from the legislature the removal of the grievance. So monstrous a principle is far more dangerous than any single interference with liberty; there is no violation of liberty which it would not justify; it acknowledges no right to any freedom whatever, except, perhaps, to that of holding opinions in secret, without ever disclosing them; for the moment an opinion which I consider noxious passes any one's lips, it invades all the 'social rights' attributed to me by the Alliance. The doctrine ascribes to all mankind a vested interest in each other's moral, intellectual, and even physical perfection, to be defined by each claimant according to his own standard. The Limits of Government Interference. The objections to government interference, when it is not such as to involve infringement of liberty, may be of three kinds. The first is, when the thing to be done is likely to be better done by individuals than by the government. Speaking generally, there is no one so fit to conduct any business, or to determine how or by whom it shall be conducted, as those who are personally interested in it. This principle condemns the interferences, once so common, of the legislature, or the officers of government, with the ordinary processes of industry. But this part of the subject has been sufficiently enlarged upon by political economists, and is not particularly related to the principles of this Essay. The second objection is more nearly allied to our subject. In many cases, though individuals may not do the particular thing so well, on the average, as the officers of government, it is nevertheless desirable that it should be done by them, rather than by the government, as a means to their own mental education-a mode of strengthening their active faculties, exercising their judgment, and giving them a familiar knowledge of the subjects with which they are thus left to deal. This is a principal, though not the sole, recommendation of jury trial (in cases not political); of free and popular focal and municipal institutions; of the conduct of industrial and philanthropic enterprises by voluntary associations. These are not questions of liberty, and are connected with that subject only by remote tendencies; but they are questions of development. It belongs to a different occasion from the present to dwell on these things as parts of national education; as being, in truth, the peculiar training of a citizen, the practical part of the political education of a free people, taking them out of the narrow circle of personal and family selfishness, and accustoming them to the comprehension of joint interests, the management of joint concerns habituating them to act from public or semi-public motives, and guide their conduct by aims which unite instead of isolating them from one another. Without these habits and powers, a free constitution can neither be worked nor preserved; as is exemplified by the too often transitory nature of political freedom in countries where it does not rest upon a sufficient basis of local liberties. The management of purely local business by the localities, and of the great enterprises of industry by the union of those who voluntarily supply the pecuniary means, is further recommended by all the advantages which have been set forth in this Essay as belonging to individuality of development, and diversity of modes of action. Government operations tend to be everywhere alike. With individuals and voluntary associations, on the contrary, there are varied experiments, and endless diversity of experience. What the State can usefully do is to make itself a central depository, and active circulator and diffuser, of the experience resulting from many trials. Its business is to enable each experimentalist to benefit by the experiments of others; instead of tolerating no experiments but its own. The third, and most cogent reason for restricting the interference of government, is the great evil of adding unnecessarily to its power. Every function superadded to those already exercised by the government, causes its influence over hopes and fears to be more widely diffused, and converts, more and more, the active and ambitious part of the public into hangers-on of the government, or of some party which aims at becoming the government. If the roads, the railways, the banks, the insurance offices, the great joint-stock companies, the universities, and the public charities, were all of them branches of the government; if, in addition, the municipal corporations and local boards, with all that now devolves on them, became departments of the central administration; if the employés of all these different enterprises were appointed and paid by the government, and looked to the government for every rise in life; not all the freedom of the press and popular constitution of the legislature would make this or any other country free otherwise than in name. Mr Mill held the office long possessed by his father, that of Examiner of Indian Correspondence, India House. On the dissolution of the East India Company, 1859, he retired with a liberal provision, and, we may add, with universal respect. Subsequently he published Considerations on Representative Government, 1861 ; Utilitarianism, 1862; Comte and Positivism, and Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy, 1865; England and Ireland, 1868; The Subjection of Women, 1869. Mr Mill was returned to the House of Commons as one of the members for Westminster, and retained his seat for about three years, from 1865 to 1868. As a politician, he acted with the Liberal party, but made little impression on the House or the country. He was aware, he said, of the weak points in democracy as well as in Conservatism, and was in favour of a plurality of votes annexed to education, not to property. His speeches on Ireland and the Irish Land Question were published. Mr Mill died at Avignon in 1873. Shortly after his death appeared his Autobiography, one of the most remarkable narratives in the language. He was trained by his father with extraordinary care. He had no recollection of beginning to learn Greek, and before he was eight years old he had read in Herodotus, Xenophon, and Plato, and had devoured such English books as the histories of Hume, Robertson, and Gibbon. My father,' he added, 'never permitted anything which I learned to degenerate into a mere exercise of memory. He strove to make the understanding not only go along with every step of the teaching, but, if possible, precede it.' The father had entirely given up religious belief. Though educated in the Scotch creed of Presbyterianism, he had come to reject not only the belief in revelation, but the foundations of what is commonly called natural religion. Hence the son received no religious instruction. I grew up,' he says, 'in a negative state with regard to it: I looked upon the modern exactly as I did upon the ancient religion, as something which in no way concerned me.' The result of this system of education and unbelief was not favourable. The elder Mill thought 'human life a poor thing at best, after the freshness of youth and of unsatisfied curiosity had gone by;' and the son fell into a state of mental depression, the habit of analysis having worn away feeling and pleasure in the ordinary objects of human desire. He never seems to have possessed the vivacity and tenderness of youth; in his autobiog raphy he does not once mention his mother. At length he became acquainted with a married lady, a Mrs Taylor, of whom he speaks in the most her general spiritual characteristics as well as in extravagant terms, comparing her to Shelley 'in temperament and organisation; but in thought and intellect the poet, he says, 'so far as his powers were developed in his short life, was but a child to what she ultimately became.' This lady was to Mill an object of idolatry-a being that seemed to supply the want of religion and veneration. After twenty years of Platonic affection, and the death of Mr Taylor, she became the wife of the philosopher. He adds: "For seven years and a half that blessing was mine; for seven and a half only! I can say nothing which could describe, even in the faintest manner, what that loss was and is. But because I know that she would have wished it, I endeavour to make the best of what life I have left, and to work for her purposes with such diminished strength as can be derived from thoughts of her, and communion with her memory.' He survived her about fifteen years. SIR DAVID BREWSTER. The writings of SIR DAVID BREWSTER present a remarkable union of the man of science with the man of letters. The experimental philosopher is seldom a master of rhetoric; but Sir David, far beyond the appointed period of threescore-andten, was full of fancy and imagination, and had a copious and flowing style. This eminent man was a native of Jedburgh, born in 1781. His father was rector of the grammar-school of Jedburgh. David, his second son, was educated for the Scottish Church, was licensed by the Presbytery of Edinburgh, and preached occasionally. He soon, however, devoted himself to science. In his twenty-fourth year he edited Ferguson's Lectures on Astronomy; and five years afterwards, in 1810, he commenced the Edinburgh Encyclopædia, which was continued at intervals until 1828, when it had reached eighteen volumes. In 1813 he |