from February 29th, to March 21ft, at Portsmouth; and loft at the rate of 2", 8 a-day, from May 14th to May 17th, at Barbadoes. In confequence of this and the former trials, Mr. Harrifon received a moiety of the reward offered by the act of the 12th of Queen Anne, on his explaining the principles by which his time-keeper was conftructed, and delivering it, as well as the former three, up to the Commiffioners of the longitude, for the ufe of the Public. He was also promised the other moiety of the reward, when other time-keepers were made, on the fame principles, either by himself or others, which performed equally well with that which he had laft. made. This laft time-keeper was alfo fent down to the Royal Obfervatory at Greenwich, to be tried there, under the direction of the Rev. Mr. Mafkelyne, his Majefty's Aftronomer Royal. It did not appear, however, that during the time of this trial*, the watch went with the regularity that was expected; nor, indeed, with any thing near the regularity that it must actually have gone with during the courfe of the two voyages that had been made with it; which furprifed many, and conveyed no favourable impreffion of the general utility of this method of discovering the longitude at fea; as it gave reafons for apprehending that the performance, even of the fame watch, was not at all times equal; and consequently that little certainty could be expected in the performance of different ones. Moreover, the watch was now found to go fafter than it did during its voyage to and from Barbadoes, by about 18 or 19 feconds in twenty-four hours: but this circumftance was accounted for by Mr. Harrison, in a publication entitled, Remarks on a Pamphlet lately published by the Rev. Mr. Mafkelyne; where he tells us, that not expecting the watch would be required of him so soon as it was, he had altered the rate of its going, by trying fome experiments which he had not time to finish before he was ordered to deliver the watch up to the board. Is it not poffible that the watch might be difordered by thefe experiments, and that diforder be the caufe of its fubfequent irregularity? Soon after this trial, the Commiffioners of Longitude agreed with Mr. Kendall, one of the watchmakers appointed by them to receive Mr. Harrison's difcoveries, to make another watch on the very fame conftruction with this, in order to determine whether other watchmakers could make them from the account which Mr. Harrison had given, as well as himself. The event proved the affirmative: for the watch produced by Mr. Ken * See an account of the going of Mr. John Harrison's watch at the Royal Obfervatory, by the Rev. Nevil Mafkelyne, Aftronomer Royal. Published by order of the Commiffioners of Longitude. dall, dall, in confequence of this agreement, went confiderably better than that which had been made by Mr. Harrison himself: and indeed better than any which have been made fince on other principles, this only excepted which is the fubject of the account before us. This watch, made by Mr. Kendall on Mr. Harrison's conftruction, was fent out in the fecond voyage which Captain Cook made towards the South Pole, and round the world, in the years 1772, 1773, 1774 and 1775, to be tried under the care of Mr. Wales, who was employed by the Board of Longitude for that purpose: and it appears, from his account, that this watch was lofing at the rate of of a second a day, from March Je the 24th, to April 25th, 1772, at the Royal Obfervatory at Greenwich. Auguft ift, 1772, at the inland of Madeira, latitude 32° N. longitude 170 W. it loft at the rate of 1", 77 a-day on mean time. At the Cape of Good Hope, latitude 33° S. longitude 18 E. it gained at the rate of 1", 2 a-day on mean time, from November 2d, to the 14th, 1772; and the greatest variation between the rates of its going, on any two days was 5", 4. At Dufky Bay, in New Zealand, latitude 45 S. longitude 166° E. the watch gained at the rate of 6", 7 a-day, from the 6th of April to the 25th, 1773, and its greatest variation was 3′′, 6 from any one day to any other in that time, The watch gave the longitude of the island of Madeira 17° 6′ W. which, for aught that is yet known to the contrary, is the exact longitude of that place. It made the longitude of the Cape of Good-Hope 18° 12' E. which is about 1'fhort of the truth; and the longitude of Dufky Bay, in New Zealand, 163° 47′ E. or too little by about 20 15. But we ought, perhaps, with the person who had this watch then under his care, to observe, that in the compass of these 13 months, the watch had paffed through all climates, from the latitude of 51 N. to 67° S. and over a space nearly equal to the whole equatorial circumference of the earth. The only defect which appears to have been in this watch is, that its rate of going was continually accelerated; but in the three years and an half, that it was under this trial, it never amounted to 14" a-day; for on its return to Greenwich, in the month of Auguft 1775, it gained only 13" a-day; and its greatest rate during the voyage was at Fyal, one of the western islands, where it gained at the rate of 13′′, 5 a-day on mean time. 2 In confequence of the going of this watch, the House of Commons were pleased, in 1774, to order the other moiety of the reward, offered by the act of the 12th of Queen Anne, to be given to Mr. Harrison: and to enact, that any other perfon, who, by means of a time-keeper, the principles of which had not then been made public, should enable a ship to keep her longitude, longitude, during a voyage of fix months, within 60 geographical miles, or a degree of a great circle, fhould be entitled to a reward of 5000 l.; that in cafe he could enable her to keep her longitude for the fame time, within 40 geographical miles, or two-thirds of a degree of a great circle, he fhould be entitled to a reward of 75col.; or to a reward of 10,ocol. if he enabled her to keep it, for that time, within 30 geographical miles, or half a degree of a great circle. It is fcarcely pofsible to reflect on the circumstance, without smiling at the oddnefs of it, that in all the acts of the British legislature, concerning the longitude, a ftandard, or measure, fhould be made choice of, for determining the reward, which, ftrictly speaking, has no relation to the fubject. Sixty geographical miles, of one degree of a great circle, may make either one, or one hundred and eighty degrees of longitude! The determination ought clearly to have been in minutes of the equator: as it now is, it may be fubject to numberless difputes. Accordingly, we find Mr. Arnold, in the introduction to the account before us, hinting, that although the greateft error of his watch be 38 minutes at the equator, which is more than is allowed by the act, yet, that it amounts to no more than about 25 geographical miles at the entrance of the channel of England. It appears from this report of the going of Mr. Arnold's watch, that the mean rate which it went at, during the month of February 1779, was lofing o", 31 a-day on mean folar time: during the month of March, its mean daily lofs was 1", 37: during the month of April, 1", 38; during the month of May, 1, 34; the month of June, 1′′, 47; July o′′, 31; Auguft o", 55. In the month of September it gained, on mean folar time, at the rate of o", 44 a-day; in October, at the rate of o", 38; at the rate of o, 04 in the month of November; and it loft at the rates o", 50, o", 68, and o", 60, respectively, in the months of December 1779, January and February 1780. From hence it appears, that the parts of this machine, which are to counteract the effects of heat and cold, are most exactly adjusted; and perform their office with all the regularity that can ever be expected. It further appears, that Mr. Arnold has very happily adjusted his balance, to go alike in the different pofitions that the watch may be put into: for we find, that when the watch was in an horizontal pofition, with the face upwards, it gained at the rate of 1", 72 a-day, on mean folar time; with the face downwards, it gained 2", 83: in a vertical pofition, with the hour XII. upwards, it gained at the rate of o", 35 a-day; with the hour VI. higheft, at the rate of 3, 85 a-day; with the hour IX. higheft, at the rate of o", 29 a-day; and with the hour III. highest, it loft at the rate of o ́ ́, 35 per day. Artifts, who know from ex perience perience the great difficulty of adjusting the balance of a watch in this refpect, will allow, that notwithstanding the most happy combination of accidents that could poffibly have concurred, the labour and judgment that must have been employed, to produce this agreement, in all the poffible pofitions that the watch can be placed in, deferves admiration; and as fo nice an agreement, in this refpect, has, perhaps, never happened in any watch before, fo it will no way reflect on the ingenious conftructor's judgment and skill, fhould he never, himself, be able to produce the like agreement again.Neither is fo great a nicety, in this respect, abfolutely neceffary for the purpose of discovering the longitude at fea, as there never can be occafion to put the watches into all thefe pofitions The greatest difference between the rates at which the watch went on any two days, in these 13 months, is 6", 69; namely, between its rates on October 8th, and December 26th. The greatest difference between its rates of going on any day, and the next to it, is 4", 11; namely, between the 26th and 27th of December. So that the greatest error that it would have committed in the difference of longitude, on any one day, would have been very little more than one minute; which, as Mr. Arnold juftly obferves, is determining the longitude daily, to as great precision as the latitude can, in general, be determined. If we take the mean rate which it went at during the month of February 1779, as a standard rate with which we may compare its going for the following twelve months, we fhall find that the greatest error which it would have committed in the longitude, fhewn by it, would have been 2′, 33′′, 2, or 38′ 18′′ in longitude; and this error happened about the end of fix months, or in the beginning of September; for, during these fix months, the watch had all along gone flower than it did in the month of February, with which rate of going it is compared; but, about the beginning of September, it began to go rather fafter than it did in the month of February, and, by that means, began to leffen its total error. And it continued to do fo until the latter end of November, when it began again to go flower than it had done in the month of February, and, of courfe, to increase the quantity of its total error. And this it continued to do until the latter end of February 1780, when the error appeared again to be at a maximum, and equal to 2' 6", 6 in time, or 31′ 39′′ of longitude. After this time it rather decreased to the end of the month. So far as this watch has been tried, it must be acknowledged by all, that it is fuperior to every one that had been made before it. Nothing therefore feems to remain but for this watch to go equally well at fea, and for Mr. Arnold, or, which would still be better, for fome other artifts, under his direction, to to make other watches, on the fame principles, that perform equally well with this, to entitle him to the fecond reward offered by Parliament for improvements in this branch of mechanics, and also to the univerfal approbation and applause of his fellow-citizens. ART. IX. Davies's Life of Garrick. HAY CONTINUED. See our laft TTAVING given a general view of Mr. Garrick's private character, as A MAN, we now proceed to extract, from the entertaining work before us, a few particulars relative to his merit, as AN ACTOR :-obferving, by the way, once for all, that as in the firft refpect,-(that of the pleafing companion, the affectionate husband, and the generous friend) few men have excelled him,-fo, in the latter (his profeffional walk), none, that we have heard of, ever equalled him. Mr. Garrick was born at Hereford, in 1716. His father was a Captain in the army, and generally refided at Lichfield; from which circumftance, it has commonly been fuppofed that our celebrated David was a native of the laft mentioned city. At about ten years old, young Garrick was placed under the care of Mr. Hunter, mafter of the Grammar-fchool at Lichfield. It appears, that even at this early age he had conceived a paffion for theatrical reprefentations. When but little more than eleven, he formed the project of getting a play acted by young gentlemen and ladies. Having made trial of his own and his companion's abilities, and prevailed on the parents to give their confent, he pitched on the Recruiting Officer for the play; and affembled his little company in a large room: where his comedy was acted in a manner fo far above the expectations of the audience, that it was much applauded. The part of Serjeant Kite, a character of bufy intrigue, and bold humour, was performed by little Davy, with that eafe and vivacity which (as our Biographer obferves) is ftill remembered with pleasure at Lichfield.' Not long after, he was invited to Lifbon, by an uncle, who was a confiderable wine-merchant in that city; but his ftay there was very fhort, for he returned to Lichfield in the year following. Mr. Davies conjectures, that the gay difpofition of the young gentleman was not very fuitable to the temper of the old one which was, perhaps, fays he, too grave and auftere to relish the vivacities of his nephew.' On his return to England, our young traveller was fent once more to Mr. Hunter's fchool, where, Mr. Davies fays, it is certain, he did not make a very confiderable progrefs in learn ing. His temper was too volatile to apply clofely to any par ticular |