Gr.) To chriften; to administer the facrament of baptifm. 5. BARBARICK (barbaricus, L.) Foreign far fetched. BARBARISM (barbarimus, L.) 1. A form of speech contrary to the purity and exactness of any language. 2. Ignorance of arts; want of learning. 3. Brutality; favageness of manners; incivility. 4 Cruelty, barbarity; unpitying hardness of heart. BARBARITY (from barbarcus.) 1. Savagenefs; incivility. 2. Cruelty; inhumani ty. 3. Barbarifm; unpurity of fpeech. BARBAROUS (barbare, F. Bagbag, Gr.) 1. Stranger to civility; favage; uncivi lized. 2. Ignorant; unacquainted with arts. 3. Cruel; inhuman. BARBAROUSLY (from babarous.) I. Ignorantly; without knowledge of arts. 2. In a manner contrary to the rules of speech. 3. Cruelly; inhumanly. BAR (barre, F.) 1. A piece of wood, iron, or other matter, laid cross a passage to hinder entrance. 2. Abolt; a piece of iron or wood fastened to a door, and entering into the poft or wall to hold it. 3. Any obftacle which hinders or obstructs. 4. A rock, or bank of fand, at the entrance of a harbour or river, which ships cannot fail over at low water, Any thing used for prevention. 6. The place where causes of law are tried, or where criminals are judged; fo called from the bar placed to hinder crouds from incommoding the court. 7. An inclofed place in a tavern or coffee-house, where the housekeeper fits and receives reckonings. 8. In Law, a peremptory exception against a demand or plea brought by the defendant in an action, that destroys the action of the plaintiff for ever. It is divided into a bar to common intent, and a bar fpecial: a bar to a common intent, is an ordinary or general bar, that difables the declaration or plear. of the plaintiff; a bar fpecial, is that which is more than ordinary, and talls out in the cafe in hand, upon special circumftance of the fact. Corel. 9. Any thing by which the compages or structure is held together. Any thing that is laid cross another, as bars in heraldry. 11. A bar of gold or filver, is a lump or wedge from the mines, melted down to a fort of mould, and never wrought. 12. Bars of a bore. The upper part of the gums between the tusks and the grinders, that bears no teeth, and to which the bit is applied, and by its fruition, the horse governed. 13. Bars, in mufick, are strokes drawn perpendicularly across the lines of a piece of mufick; ufed to regulate the beating or measure of mufical tune. 10. BAR-SHOT. Two half bullets joined together by an iron bar; used in fea engagements for cutting down the mafts and rigging. 2. To BAR (from the noun.) 1. To faftea or shut any thing with a bolt, or bar. To hinder; to obstruct. 3. To prevent. 4. To fhut out from. 5. To exclude from a claim. 6. To prohibit. 7. To except; to make an exception. 8. In law, to hinder the process of a fuit. 9. To bar a vein. This is an operation performed upon the veins of the legs of a horfe, and other parts, with intent to stop the malignant humours. It is done by opening the skin above it, difengaging it, and tying it both above and below, and Atriking between two ligatures. BARBARIAN (barbarus, L. It seems to have fignified at firft only foreign, or a foreigner; but, in time, implied fome degree of wildness or cruelty.) 1. A man uncivilized; untaught; a favage. 2. A foreigner. 3. A brutal monster; a man without pity; a term of reproach. BARBAROUSNESS (from barbarous.) Incivility of manners. 2. Impurity of language. 3. Cruelty. BARATTA, a fort of balfam brought from the West Indies. BARALLOT'S, a fect of hereticks at Bologne in Italy, who had all things in common, even their wives and children. BARB, a horfe of the Barbary breed, much efteemed for their swift running, and therefore are much coveted for ftallions; they being faid to retain their native vigour to the very laft. The owners of them in Barbary preferve the genealogies of these Rarbs, as carefully, as we do those of our noble families; they are faid alfo to be able to outrun an oftrich, and fome of them are bought at the price of two or three hundred pounds fterling BAR BACAN (barbacane, Ital.) a canal or opening left in a wall for water to come in and go out at, when buildings are erected in places liable to be overflowed, or to drain the water off a terrass. BARBACAN (in Military Affairs) an aperture or cleft, made in the walls of a caf tle or fortress to fire upon the enemy. this BARBARY Falcons, a kind of hawks commonly taken in Barbary, they making their paffage through that country; bird is less than the Tiercel-gentle, but very bold; it is plumed with red under the wings, and armed with long talons and stretchers. BARBE, the armour of the horses of the ancient knights and foldiers, who were accoutered at all points. BARBS, a fort of armour for horfes, which covered the neck, breaft and crupper. BAR'BES (with busbandmen) a diffemper in black cattle, known by a fupertinous piece of flefh on their tongues, which fometimes hinders them from eating their meat. BARBER Chirurgeons. They were in corporated ward IV. but confirmed by most kings and queens fince with enlargements. Their arms are a crofs quartered Gules, a lion paffant gardant, Or, in the first quarter a chevron bebetween three, in the fecond party per pale argent vert, a role crowned with an im perial crown, the first as the fourth, the fecond as the third. corporated by king Ed-not to have any air over it, nor any bubbles adhering to the fides of the tube, which is beft done by means of a glafs funnel, with a capillary tube; the orifice of the tube, filled after this manner, fo as to overflow, is clofely preffed by the finger, so as to exclude any air betwixt it and the mercury, and thus immerged in a wooden veffel of a convenient diameter, fo however as not to touch the bottom at the distance of 28 inches from the furface of the mercury, are fixed two plates CE, and DF, divided into two inches, and these again fubdivided into any number of fmaller parts. Laftly, the tube is inclofed in a wooden frame, to prevent its being broke, and the bafon open, though fecured from duft. BARBICANAGE (Old Rec.) money given for the maintenance of a barbican or watch tower. BARDS (among the ancient Britons and Gauls) a fort of poets who defcribed and fung in a kind of verie, the noble atchievments of great commanders and noblemen; they laboured to encourage virtue, and frequently influenced the chiefs on both fides to hearken to a reconciliation, as to the matters in difference, even when the two armies were ready to join battie. C А B BAROMETER (BagogsTpov, of Bog, and MET, Gr. meafure) an inftrument for eftimating the weight or pillar of the atmosphere, and the deveral minute variations of the weight of that pillar; by which variations the va. rious changes of the weather are determined. The first inventor of it was Torricelli, at Florence, in 1643. From whence father Merfenne brought it into France the year following, 1644, and Monfieur Pafchal tried it in 1646, and gave an account of it in a piece printed in 1647; the ufes Many attempts have been made to render the changes in the Barometer more sensible, and fo to measure the atmosphere more accurately; which has given rife to a great number of Barometers of different structures. Hence comes the Wheel Barometer, Diagonal Barometer, Horizontal Barometer, Pendant Barometer, &c. A marine BAROMETER, being only a double Thermometer for conveniency at fea. See Thermometer. Obfervations for the use of the Barometer.. 1. The motion of the mercury in the tubedoes not exceed three inches in its rifing and falling. 2. The rifing of the mercury generally prefages fair weather, and its falling foul; as rain, fnow, bigh winds and forms. 3. The falling of the mercury in very hot weather prefages thunder. 4. The rifing of the mercury in winter, forefhews froft, and if the mercury falls three or four divifions in frofty weather, a thaw will certainly follow, but if the mercury rifes in a continued froft, fnow will follow. 5. If foon after the falling of the mercury foul weather enfues, there will be but little of it; and on the contrary, if the weather proves fair foon after the mercury has rifen, the fame will happen. 6. If the mercury rife much and high in foul weather, and continues fo for two er three days before the foul weather is over, then continued fair weather will enfue. 7. If the mercury falls much and low in fair weather, and continues fo for two or three days before the rain comes, then you may expect a great deal of wet, and very proM of this inftrumentbably high winds. are to discover the gravitation of the incumbent atmosphere (one of the nobleft philofophical difeoveries) the chances of the weather, &c. The mechanifm of the Barometer is as follows: A gafs tube A B, hermetically fealed in A, having its diameter about one tenth of an inch, and its length at least 13 inches, is filled with mercury fo juftly, as 8. If the mercury be unfettled in its motion, it denotes uncertain and changeable weather. 9. As to the words that are graved near the divifions of the inftrument, tho' for the moft part the alterations of the weather will agree with them, yet they are not so strictly to be minded, as in the rifing and falling of the mercury according to the foregoing obfer. 1 2 vations vations; for if the mercury ftands at much rain, and rifes up to changeable, it then forefhews fair weather, although not to continue fo long as it would have done if the mercury were higher; fo places which are more northerly have a greater alteration of the rise or fall of the mercury, than thofe that are more foutherly. the space of three years, or pay into the Ez chequer a fum fufficient to do it, which at eight pence per day, amounts to the fum of 1095 pounds fterling. This degree of honour is next to a Baret, and takes the precedency of all knights, except knights of the garter, and is the loweft degree of honour that is hereditary. Wheel BARREL of the ear (with Anatomifis) a BAROME-large cavity behind the tympanum of the ear, TER, is a in depth about three or four lines, covered contrivance with a very fine membrane, on which are feve for the apply-ral veins and arteries. ing an index BARRELS of earth (in an Army) a fort to the com- of half hogsheads filled with earth, which are mon Barome-ufed as breaft-works for covering the foldiery; ter, which and alfo to break the gabions made in the index fhews ditch, and alfo to roll into breaches. the variation of the alti tude of the BARREL of a watch. See Fuzee. Thundering BARRELS (with Gunners) barrels filled with bombs, granadoes, and other mercurial cy-fire-works, to be rolled down a breach. linder, which BARRENNESS (of unbeɲens, Sax.) unfruitfulness, a not bearing. at moft does not exceed BAR'REN SIGNS (with Aftrologers) the three inches, figns Gemini, Leo and Virgo, fo called because which never-when the queftion is afk'd, whether fuch a thelefs may person shall have children or not? If one of be made as thofe figns be upon the cufp, or first point of distinguishable as if it were three feet or three the fifth house, they may take it for granted, yards, or as much more as is defired, the that the perfon enquiring fhall have none. form of it is as here defcribed. foot. BARRIERS (in Fortification) are great takes fet up about 10 feet diflance one from another, and about 4 or 5 feet high, having tranfoms or overthwarth rafters BARRICA'DOES (inregular Fortification) BAR'ON, is a degree of nobility, next but are trees cut with fix faces, and croffed with inferior to a vifcount, but fuperior to a gen-battoons of the length of half pikes, bound tleman, anciently they were fuch as had the with iron at the feet; to be fet up in paffages government of provinces committed to them, or breaches, to keep back either horse or and are in probability the fame with court barcns, and were immediately after the conqueft; they, if they would, might come to parliament, and were probably the fame with our court Barons now, and then fat as Peers in the upper houfe of parliament, call'd lords; this dignity at the first wholly depended on the king's pleasure; but afterwards they obtained letters patent of the king, to make the title hereditary to their male iffue, and were called Barons, either by writ or creation. BARONS by Writ, were call'd alfo Bavons by prefeription, becaufe they and their ancestors have continued Barons, beyond the memory of man, and have their furnames added to the title of lord; but thofe by their patent are called after the names of their ba ronies. BARONS by Tenure, are fuch as the bishops, who have baronies annexed to their bishopricks, and have the title of lords fpiritual, and take their feats in the house of lo.ds. BARONETS, by K. James I. in the year 1611, were created on condition of derending the province of Uller in Ireland, which was at that time much haraffed by the rebels, with the arms of which they were allow'd to charge their coat, and for that purpose they were to maintain 30 foldiers for to flop fuch as would violently force their way in. Thefe are ufually erected in void faces between a citadel and the town, in half moons and other works. BARRISTERS (of Bar at which they plead) are pleaders at the bar of a court of judicature, and are of two forts, either eatward or utter, or inner. Outward BARRISTER 7 one who after Utter BARRISTER Slong ftudy of the law, at least 7 years, is called to publick practice, and admitted to plead, ftanding without the bar. Inner BARRISTER, one who being ferjeant at law, or elfe an attorney of the king or prince, or any of the king's, t. council, are allow'd out of refpect to plead within the bar. BARYCOLA (of Bagu, dully, and 2x, Gr. to hear) a dulnefs, thickness, hardness of hearing. BARYPHONIA (Bagupuvía, Gr.) a difficulty of speaking. BASAL TES (Bardins, Gr.) a fort of marble of an iron colour, the hardest black marble. BASENESS (from bafe.) 1. Meannefs, vilenefs, badnefs. 2. Vilenefs of metal. 3. Baftardy. 4. Deepness of found. BASILICK (fariλinn, Gr.) a large hall, having two ranges of pillars, and two ifles or wings with galleries over them. These Bafilicks were at firft made for the palaces of BASE (with Gunners) the fmalleft piece princes, and afterwards converted into courts of ordnance; 4 feet and a half long; the dia- of juftice, and at last into churches; whence meter at the bore I inch 1 quarter; it weighs a bafilick is generally taken for a magnificent 203 pounds, carries a ball 1 inch 1 8th dia-church, as the bafilick of St. Peter at Rome: meter, and 15 or 6 ounces weight. BASE (in Architecture) the foot of a pillar which fupports it, or that part which is under the body, and lies upon the zocle or pedestal. BASILISK (bafilifco, Ital.) a long picce of ordnance. BASON (with Anatomifts) a round cavity in the form of a tunnel, fituate betwixt the anterior ventricles of the brain, and ending at the point of the glandula pituitaria. BASSO Relievo (in Majonry, Carving, Caft BASE diftinct (in Opticks) is that precife distance from the pole of a convex glafs, in which the objects, which are beheld throughing, &c.) i. e. Bafs or loro Relief, or imbofit, appear diftinct, and well defined; and is the fame with what is called the Focus. BASE Ring (of a Cannon) is the large ring next to and juft behind the touch-hole. BASE Tenure (Law term) is holding by villenage or other cuftomary fervice, in diftinction from the higher tenure in capite, or by military fervice. BASE, a fish, otherwise called a fea-wolf. BASE (bas, F. baff, Ital. baxo, Span. baffus, low Lat. Basis, Gr.) 1. Mean, vile, worthless. 2. Of mean fpirit, difingenuous, illiberal, ungenerous, low, without dignity of fentiment. 3. Of low ftation, of mean account, without dignity of rank, without honour, 4. Bafe born, born out of wedlock, and by confequence of no honourable birth. 5. Applied to metals: without value it is ufed in this fenfe of all meta! except gold and filver. 6. Applied to founds; deep, grave. It is more frequently written bafs, though the comparitive bafer feems to require bafe. BASE-BORN. Born out of wedlock. BASE-COURT. Lower-court, not the chief court that leads to the house. lefs. fed work, is when only half the bodies or figures are reprefented, or when the work is low, flat, or but a little raised; as when a medal or coin has its figure or imprefs low, thin, and hardly diftinguishable from the plane, it is faid that the relief is low and weak; but when it is much raised, the relief is faid to be bold and strong. BAS'TARD (in Law) one born of a woman unmarried, fo that the father is not known by the order of the law, BASTARDY, an inquiry, examination or trial at law, whether one be a bastard or not. BASTILE (in Paris in France) the name of a prifon. BASTION (in Fortification) a mass of earth, and fometimes faced or lined with ftone or brick, and fometimes with fods, which generally advances towards the campaign, the bounding lines of it being two faces, twe flanks, and two demi-gorges, Gr. Hollow BASTION 2 ( Fortification) a Voided BASTIONS bastion having only a rampart and a parapet, ranging about its BASE-MINDED. Mean-fpirited, worth-flanks and faces, fo that a void space is left BASE-VIOL (ufually written bafs-viol) an inftrument which is ufed in concerts for the base found. towards the center. BA'STON (in Archite&ture) the BATTOON fame as Torus, a round member encompaffing the bafe of a pillar between the Plinth and the Lift. BASE (from bas, F. bafis, L.) 1. The bottom of any thing; commonly used for the lower part of a building, or column, 2. The pedeftal of a ffatue. 3. That part of any ornament that hangs down, as houfings. BATCH'ELOR, the original of this word The broad part of any body; as the bot- is much controverted by criticks; fome detom of a cone. 5. Stockings, or perhaps rive it from Bacca laurea, L. i, e. Laurel berthe armour for the legs, from bas, F. 6. ry, in allufion to the ancient custom of crownThe plate from which racers or tilters run;ing poets with laurel, baccis lauri; others, the bottom of the field. 7. The ftring that of baculus or bacillus, L. a fiaff, becaufe gives a bafe found. S. An old ruftick play; (they fay) a ftaff was put into the hand of written by Skinner, bays. batchelors at their commencement, as a fymbol of their authority, of their ftudies being finished, and of the liberty they were reftored Hence the title of Batchelor of Arts, Divinity, Mufick, &c. BATAVIANS, Hollanders or Dutch people, who inhabit the Low Countries called the United Provinces. TO BASE (bofier, F.) To embafe, to make lefs valuable by admixture of meaner metals. BASELY (from bafe.) 1. In a bafe manner, meanly, difhonourably. 2. In baftardy. to. BATCHE BATCHELOR (of Bas chevalier, F.) BACHELOR this title was anciently given to perfons who, ambitious to acquire honour by their valour, were fuperior in quality to efquires; but not in circumftances to raise a company of Gens de arms, and therefore ferved in the army under the standard of Bannerets, being allowed colours of their own, and to lead their vaffals. In the ancient conftitutions of the admiralty this title was given to all under the dignity of Barons. BATCHELOR of Arts (in Oxford) is one who has taken the first degree in the liberal arts and sciences, in order to which he is required to be a ftudent there 4 years, and in 7 years to be intitled to that of master of arts, and in 14 to be a batchelor of divinity. BATCHELOR of Arts (at Cambridge) this title there requires only 3 years ftudy, and 6 to be mafter of arts, and 13 for batchelor of divinity. BATCHELORS (in Law) the title requires the perfon to ftudy 6 years. BACHELORS (in War) are young foldiers, who have fignalized themfelves in the firft campaign, and were prefented with the military or gilt fpurs. BATCHELOR, in ancient times, was alfo a title given to a young cavalier, who had made his first campaign, and 'received the military girdle. "BATCHELOR (of baculus, L. a staff) a title given to young military men, on account that the young cavaliers exercífed themselves with ftaffs and bucklers; hence they were called Bacculares and Bacularii, in the time of king Richard II. by Oderick and Walfingbam. Hence BATCHELORS of arms, was a title anciently given to those who came off victors in their first engagement. with which a town is battered, placed in order for action. 3. The frame or raifed work, upon which cannons are mounted. BATTERY en rouge (Fortification) a battery used to dismount the enemy's cannon. BATTERY (in Law) an act that tends to the breach of the peace of the realm, by violently striking or beating a man, whe may therefore indict the other person to have the action of trefpafs, or affault and battery. BATTERY (in Law) is the wrongful beating of a perfon, upon which the perfon thus injured may lay an indictment against the offender, or he may have an action of trefpals; but if the plaintiff made the first affault, the defendant fhall be discharg'd, and the plaintiff fhall be amerced to the king for his falle fuit. But all beating is not indictable or actionable, for a perfon may juftify the beating of another for an offence, fo as moderately to correct him, as a father his child, a mafter his fervant, a fchoolmaster his pupil; fo likewife if a perfon hall attempt to take away my goods, I may lay hands upon him; and if he will not delift, may beat him rather than let him car ry them away. Menacing or threatening begins the breach of the peace, affaulting increases it, and battery accomplishes it. BATTOLOGIST (B±llóλoy, Gr.) a vain babbler. To BAULK (Incert. Etym.) to cross, to difappoint. BAW'DINESS, lewdaefs, obfcene difcourse or action. BAY of foils (Archit.) the space betwist two beams, BAY, a part of a barn at the end where corn, &c. is laid; thus if a barn confift of a floor and two heads where they lay corn, they fay a barn of two Bays. BATH'MIS (with Anatomifs) a bone, the fame as Troclea; a cavity in the bone of the BAIZ, a fort of woollen cloth, having a arm or fhoulder on each fide one, that re-long nap fometimes fuzzed on one fide, and ceives the procef's of the undermoft and leffer fometimes not. of the two bones of the cubit, when the whole hand is ftretched out and bent. BATON (in Arcbit.) a large ring or moulding in the bafe of a column, otherwife called the Tore. To BATTER (battre, to beat, F.) 1. To heat, to beat down; frequently used of walls thrown down by artillery, or of the violence of engines of war. 2. To wear with beating. 3. Applied to perfons: to wear out with fervice. To BATTER. A word ufed only by workmen. The fide of a wall, or any timber, that bulges from its bottom or foundation, is faid to batter. Moxon's Mech. Exer. BATTERER (from batter) he that batters. BATTERY (from bacter, or batterie, F.) 1. The act of battering. 2. The inftruments BAYS, the making of Bays, Says, Serges, &c. was brought into England by the Flemings, who fled hither to avoid the per fecution of the duke of Alva, about the fifth year of queen Elizabeth. BE, a prepofition common to the Teutonic, German and Saxon, &c. dialcét; also now to the English. TO BE (beon, Sax.) to exift. BEAN Caper, a fruit. BEAR (bean, bena, Sax.) a wild beaft. To BEAR, pret. I bore, or bare, part. paff. bore, or born, (heonan, bepan, Sax. bairan. Gothick. It is founded as bare, as the are in care and dare.) 1. This is a word |