Imatges de pàgina
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He who late a sceptre did command, Now grasps a floating fragment in his hand.

Dryden.

amiss, then may these also speak amiss: man is frail, and prone to evil, and therefore may soon fail in words Taylor's Guide to Devotion.

Nor should'st thou have trusted that to woman's

frailty:

If a thin or plated body, which, being of an even thickness, appears all over of one uniform colour, should be slit into threads, or broken into fragments of Ere I to thee, thou to thyself wast cruel. the same thickness with the plate, I see no reason why every thread or fragment should not keep its colour. Newton's Opticks.

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Veiled in a cloud of fragrance, where she stood
Half spyed.
Milton's Paradise Lost.
And first behold this cordial julep here,
That flames and dances in his crystal bounds,
With spirits of halm and fragrant syrups mixed.
Milton's Comus.

As the hops begin to change colour, and smell fragrantly, you may conclude them ripe. Mortimer.

Not lovelier seemed Narcissus to the eye; Nor, when a flower, could boast more fragrancy. Garth. I am more pleased to survey my rows of coleworts and cabbages springing up in their full fragrancy and verdure, than to see the tender plants of foreign countries kept alive by artificial heats.

Addison's Spectator.

The nymph vouchsafed to place Upon her head the various wreath:

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See in the rear of the warm sunny shower The visionary boy from shelter fly; For now the storm of summer-raiu is o'er, And cool, and fresh, and fragrant, is the sky. Beattie.

FRAIL, adj. & n. s. Lat. fragilis. Weak; FRAIL'NESS, n. s. tender; soon injured and FRAILTY, n. s. destroyed: a fragile basket made of rushes; a rush for weaving baskets: liable to error or seduction; instability; weakness of resolution: infirm of purpose: applied to sins of infirmity it has a plural.

Though Page be a secure fool, and stands so firmly on his wife's frailty, yet I cannot put off my opinion Shakspeare.

so easily.

I know my body's of so frail a kind, As force, without fevers within, can kill.

Davies.

The truly virtuous do not easily credit evil that is told them of their neighbours; for if others may do

Milton.

But you invert the covenants of her trust,
And harshly deal, like an ill borrower,
With that which you received on other terins.
Scorning the unexempt condition,
By which all mortal frailty must subsist,
Refreshment after toil, ease after pain,
That have been tired all day without repast,
And timely rest have wanted. Id. Comus.
Love did his reason blind,

And love's the noblest frailty of the mind.

Dryden. God knows our frailty, pities our weakness, and requires of us no more than we are able to do.

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When with care we have raised an imaginary trea sure of happiness, we find, at last, that the materials of the structure are frail and perishing, and the foun dation itself is laid in the sand. Rogers.

Death, only death, can break the lasting chain; And here, even then, shall my cold dust remain; Here all its frailties, all its flames resign, And wait, 'till 'tis no sin to mix with thine.

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A maddening Spirit which would strive to blend Itself with Beauty's frail inanity,

On which the passion's self seems to depend.
Byron.
FRAI'SCHEUR, n. s. Fr. Freshness; cool-
A word innovated by Dryden.
Hither in Summer-evenings you repair,
To taste the fraischeur of the purer air.

ness.

Dryden.

FRAISE, n. s. Fr. The caul of an animal. A pancake with bacon in it.

FRAISE, in fortification, a kind of defence, consisting of pointed stakes, six or seven feet long, driven parallel to the horizon into the retrenchments of a camp, a half-moon, or the like, to prevent any approach or scalade. Fraises differ from palisades chiefly in this, that the latter stand perpendicular to the horizon, and the former jet out parallel to it, or nearly so, being usually made a little sloping, or with the points hanging down. Fraises are chiefly used in entrenchments and other works thrown up of earth; sometimes they are found under the parapet a rampart, serving instead of the cordon of stone used in stone-works.

of

TO FRAISE A BATTALION is to line the mus queteers round with pikes, that, in case they should be charged by a body of horse, the

pikes being presented may cover the soldiers from the shock, and serve as a barricade. FRAME, v. a. & n. s. ) Fr. forme; Arm. FRAMER, N. s. fram; both clearly from the Lat. forma. To frame signifies to make according to a frame: and frame, in its natural sense, is that which forms the exterior edging of any thing, and consequently determines its form. It is however far more general in its application: thus it is used in the senses, to invent; to fabricate; to fabricate by orderly construction and union of various parts; to fit one thing to another; to make; to compose; to regulate; to adjust; to form any rule or method by study or precept; to form and digest by thought; to contrive; to plan; to scheme out.

At last, as nigh out of the wood she came,
A stately castle far away she spyde,
To which her steps directly she did frame.
Spenser. Faerie Queene.
Then chusing out few words most horrible,
Thereof did verses frame.
Spenser.

The double gates he findeth locked fast;
The one fair framed of burnished ivory,
The other all with silver overcast.

Id.

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Whose spirits toil in frame of villanies. Id.

Though I cannot make true wars, I'll frame convenient peace. Id. Coriolanus. hou art their soldier, and, being bred in broils, Hast not the soft way; but thou wilt frame Thyself forsooth hereafter theirs.

Id.

Astronomers, to solve the phenomena, framed to their conceit eccentricks and epicycles. Bacon.

Upon his shield was framed that vent'rous lad, That durst assay the sun's bright flaming team; Spite of his feeble hands, the horses mad Fling down on burning Earth the scorching beam; So made the flame in which himself was fired; The world the bonfire was, where he expired: His motto written thus, yet had what he desired.

Fletcher. Purple Island. The forger of his own fate, the framer of his fortune, should be improper, if actions were predeter

mined.

Hammond.

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Let us not deceive ourselves by pretending to this excellent knowledge of Christ Jesus our Lord, if we do not frame our lives according to it. Tillotson.

The most abstruse ideas are only such as the understanding frames to itself, by joining together ideas that it had either from objects of sense or from its own operations about them.

Locke. Hew timber, saw it, frame it, and set it together. Mortimer. There was want of accurateness in experiments in the first original framer of those medals.

Arbuthnot. Full of that flame his tender scenes he warms, And frames his goddess by your matchless charms. Granville.

Urge him with truth to frame his sure replies, And sure he will; for wisdom never lies. Pope. How many excellent reasonings are framed in the mind of a man of wisdom and study in a length of years. Watts.

From Nature's beauties variously compared, And variously combined, he learns to frame Those forms of bright perfection which the bard, While boundless hopes and boundless views inflame, Enamoured consecrates to never-dying fame.

Beattie.

FRAME, among founders, a kind of ledge, which, being filled with wetted sand, serves as a mould to cast their works in. See FOUNDRY.

FRAME, in joinery, a kind of case, wherein a thing is set or enclosed, or even supported; as a window frame, a picture frame, &c.

FRAME, among painters, a kind of square, consisting of four long slips of wood joined together, whose intermediate space is divided by threads into several little squares like a net; and hence sometimes called reticula. It serves to reduce figures from great to small; or, on the contrary, to augment their size from small to great

FRAME, among printers, is the stand which supports the cases.

FRAMLINGHAM, a large and ancient town of Suffolk. It has the remains of a castle, said to have been built by one of the first kings of the East Angles. Its walls, which are still to be seen, are forty-four feet high, and eight thick; and have thirteen towers, fourteen feet each above the walls. Two of these are watch-towers. To this castle Mary Tudor, afterwards queen Mary, retired, when the unfortunate Lady Jane Gray was proclaimed queen. See ENGLAND. Framlingham has a stately church, built of black flint, with a steeple 100 feet high, and a spacious market-place, with a weekly market on Saturday. It is pleasantly seated upon a clay hill near the source of the Ore, sixteen miles north-east of Ipswich, and eighty-seven N. N. E. of London.

FRA'MPOLD, n. s. This word is written by Dr. Hacket, frampul. I know not its original, says Dr. Johnson. It seems to be derived from the Sax. Fram; Goth. fram, corruptions of the Lat. forma (see FRAME). Peevish; boisterous; rugged; crossgrained.

Her husband! Alas, the sweet woman leads an ill life with him she leads a very frampled life with him. Shakspeare.

The frampul man could not be pacified.

Hacket.

FRANCAVILLA, a town in the province of Otranto, Naples. It is large and we'Î built; the

streets being wide and straight: the houses, though showy, are of a heavy style of architecture. A great part of the town was thrown down by an earthquake in 1734, and the houses since erected, are only one story high. The inhabitants derive their chief subsistence from manufacturing the cotton and tobacco of the neighbourhood; olive oil is also sold here in large quantities. The name of this place is said to have arisen from an exemption from taxes during

ten years, granted to the first settlers in the fourteenth century. It is fifteen miles E. N. E. of Tarento, and twenty west of Brindisi. Population 11,000

FRANCAVILLA is also the name of a town in Sicily, in the Val di Demona, near the river of Francavilla, where the Imperialists, under count Merci, obtained a victory over the Spaniards, under the marquis de Leyda, in 1719. Twelve miles W. N. W. of Taormina

FRANCE.

FRANCE. We shall pursue in this article the plan of first describing this interesting country; its geographical, statistical, and great political features. Then we shall furnish the details of its history, divided into certain convenient periods, as that of our article England, by the different dynasties that have successively occupied the throne.

PART I.

GEOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS OF FRANCE. FRANCE, a portion of the ancient Gallia, and by the peace of 1815 reduced to its boundaries in the year 1790, with a small addition which we shall hereafter notice, has the natural limits of the English Channel on the north, the Bay of Biscay on the west, and the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean south. Its eastern boundary is of a more mixed character, and touches the frontiers of the kingdom of the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, and Savoy. It extends from 42° 30' to nearly 51° of N. lat., and from 5° W. to 8° of E. long. from Greenwich. Its form is nearly square, and its area was estimated by M. Necker at 26,951 square leagues, of 2282 toises; or 156,024,213 arpents of Paris, which are equal to 131,722,295 English acres: by the committee of the first national assembly at 26,463 square eagues: the later estimate of M Jorse, author of the Credit National, is 27,000 leagues, at 2282 toises 5785 arpents Paris, to a league. In English miles its extent from north to south is taken at 560; from east to west at nearly 650. The whole area is 204,000 English square miles. The present population is 30,451,187. and the number of persons to each square mile is, consequently, 144. France is, therefore, less populous proportionably than either England or Ireland, as the former contains about 190 and and the latter 170 persons on the same space.

The ancient Gallia contained not only the present kingdom of France, and that part of Germany and Belgium west of the Rhine, but the important addition of Gallia Cisalpina, on the south side of the Alps. Du Fresnoy describes Gallia Transalpina as bounded on the south by the Pyrenees, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Var; on the east by the Alps and the Rhine; on the north by the same river; and on the west by the Ocean. The Roman subdivision of this country was into three principal regions—the Celtir. Belgic, and Aquitaire. The bounds of Gallia Celtica were-the Ocean, the Seine, the

Marne, the Saone, the Rhine, and the Garonne. Gallia Belgica was bounded by the Seine, the Marne, the mountains of Vosges, the Rhine, and the Ocean; and Gallia Aquitania by the Ocean, Garonne, and the Pyrenees. Gaul was divided by Augustus into four parts-Gallia Narbonensis, which comprehended Languedoc, Foix, Vivarres, Provence, Dauphiny, and Savoy; Aquitania, which was of larger extent than it had been in the time of Julius Cæsar, and comprehended all the country between the Pyrenees, the Ocean, and the Loire; Lugdunensis, the largest of all, which was bounded by the ocean, the Loire, the Seine, the Marne, and the mountains of Vosges; and Belgica, which was bounded by the ocean, the country of Caux, the Seine, the Marne, the mountains of Vosges, and the Rhine.

In the fourth century of the Christian era, the Notitia Imperii divided Gaul into the five great provinces of Lugdunensis, Belgica, Germania, Vienensis, and Aquitania; each of which was subdivided into several others. Constantine the Great divided it into seventeen provinces or governments, six of which were consular, and eleven under certain presidents sent by the emperor, who resided in the capital cities. The names of the provinces and their capitals were—1. e-1. Narbonensis prima, capital Narbonne; 2. Narbonensis secunda, capital Aix in Provence; 3. Viennensis, capital Vienne in Dauphiny; 4. Alpes Graiæ and Penninæ, capital Moustenon in Tarentaise, a province of Savoy; 5. Alpes Maritime, capital Embrun in Dauphiny; 6. Lugdunensis prima, capital Lyons; 7. Lugdunensis secunda, capital Rouen; 8. Lugdunensis tertia, capital Tours; 9. Lugdunensis quarta, capital Sens in Champagne; 10. Sequania, capital Besançon; 11. Aquitania prima, capital Bourges; 12. Aquitania secunda, capital Bourdeaux; 13. Novempopularia, capital Auch in Gascony; 14. Germania prima, capital Mentz; 15. Germania secunda, capital Cologne; 16. Belgica prima, capital Triers; and 17. Belgica secunda, capital Rheims.

Under the dominion of the Franks, the Roman divisions gradually disappeared, and new ones were substituted. Several kingdoms were afterwards comprised within the present territorial limits, the divisions and subdivisions of which it is unnecessary to trace. Under the Merovingian dynasty, it is generally considered that France had about the same limits as at present; under the Carlovingian race of kings almost the

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streets being wide and straight: the houses, though showy, are of a heavy style of architecture. A great part of the town was thrown down by an earthquake in 1734, and the houses since erected, are only one story high. The inhabitants derive their chief subsistence from manufacturing the cotton and tobacco of the neighbourhood; olive oil is also sold here in large quantities. The name of this place is said to have arisen from an exemption from taxes during

ten years, granted teenth century. It Tarento, and twent tion 11,000

FRANCAVILLA i Sicily, in the Val Francavilla, where Merci, obtained a under the marquis miles W. N. W. of

FRANCE.

FRANCE. We shall pursue in this article the plan of first describing this interesting country; its geographical, statistical, and great political features. Then we shall furnish the details of its history, divided into certain convenient periods, as that of our article England, by the different dynasties that have successively occupied the throne.

PART I.

GEOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS OF FRANCE. FRANCE, a portion of the ancient Gallia, and by the peace of 1815 reduced to its boundaries in the year 1790, with a small addition which we shall hereafter notice, has the natural limits of the English Channel on the north, the Bay of Biscay on the west, and the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean south. Its eastern boundary is of a more mixed character, and touches the frontiers of the kingdom of the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, and Savoy. It extends from 42° 30' to nearly 51° of N. lat., and from 5° W. to 8° of E. long. from Greenwich. Its form is nearly square, and its area was estimated by M. Necker at 26,951 square leagues, of 2282 toises; or 156,024,213 arpents of Paris, which are equal to 131,722,295 English acres: by the committee of the first national assembly at 26,463 square eagues: the later estimate of M Jorse, author of the Credit National, is 27,000 leagues, at 2282 toises 5785 arpents Paris, to a league. In English miles its extent from north to south is taken at 560; from east to west at nearly 650. The whole area is 204,000 English square miles. The present population is 30,451,187. and the number of persons to each square mile is, consequently, 144. France is, therefore, less populous proportionably than either England or Ireland, as the former contains about 190 and and the latter 170 persons on the same space. The ancient Gallia contained not only the present kingdom of France, and that part of Germany and Belgium west of the Rhine, but the important addition of Gallia Cisalpina, on the south side of the Alps. Du Fresnoy describes Gallia Transalpina as bounded on the south by the Pyrenees, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Var; on the east by the Alps and the Rhine; on the north by the same river; and on the west by the Ocean. The Roman subdivision of this country was into three principal regions-the Celtic, Belgic, and Aquitaire. The bounds of Gallia Celtica were-the Ocean, the Seine, the

Marne, the Saone, t Gallia Belgica was Marne, the mountai the Ocean; and Gal Garonne, and the Py by Augustus into fo sis, which comprehe varres, Provence, Da tania, which was of la in the time of Julius

all the country betwee and the Loire; Lugd which was bounded 1 Seine, the Marne, and and Belgica, which w the country of Caux, mountains of Vosges,

In the fourth centur Notitia Imperii divide provinces of Lugdune Vienensis, and Aquita subdivided into several Great divided it into s vernments, six of which under certain presider. who resided in the cap the provinces and their nensis prima, capital sis secunda, capital Ai nensis, capital Vienne Graia and Penninæ, c rentaise, a province of tima, capital Embrun in nensis prima, capital I secunda, capital Rouen capital Tours; 9. Lug Sens in Champagne; 1 sançon; 11. Aquitania 12. Aquitania secunda, Novempopularia, capital Germania prima, capital secunda, capital Cologne pital Triers; and 17. I Rheims.

Under the dominion of divisions gradually disa were substituted. Sever wards comprised within limits, the divisions and it is unnecessary to trace. gian dynasty, it is gen France had about the sam under the Carlovingian ra

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