B=Group B. E=Group E. F= Group F.
The following are the principal contractions used :—
The Dictionaries used for these languages are mentioned at the end of the Preface. Note also, that v. a verb in the infinitive mood; pr. s. or pt. s. means the third person singular of the present or past tense, except when I p. or 2 p. (first person or second person) is added; pr. pl. or pt. pl. means likewise the third person plural of the present or past tense; imp. s. means the second person singular of the imperative mood. Other contractions, as s. for substantive, pp. for past participle, will be readily understood. In the references, when the letter is absent before a number, supply the letter last mentioned; thus, under Abayst, all the references refer to Group E.
The contraction 'Mor. Gloss.' signifies Dr. Morris's Glossary to the Prologue, Knightes Tale, &c. in the Clarendon Press Series.
A, art. a; al a= the whole of a, E 1165. A. S. ân, G. ein. Of the indef. article, an is the original, a the abbreviated form.
A ha, interj. Aha! B 1629. A, prep. on, upon, in, by; a nyghte, by night, B 3758; now a dayes, now in these days, E 1164. A.S. on, E.E. an, a. Abak, adv. backwards, B 2017. A. S. onbæc, on the back, behind, backwards.
Abayst, pp. abashed, disconcerted, E 317, 1011; amazed, 1108. O. Fr. esbahir, to frighten, from baer, to cry bah or bo.
Abbay, s. abbey, B 1814. Low Lat. abbatia, an abbey, from Lat. abbas, father; from Syriac abba, father. Abhominaciouns, s. pl. abomi- nations, horrible occurrences, B 88. Lat. abominor, to deprecate an omen, from ab, and omen.
Abouen, prep. above, E 826. A. S. abufan, where bufan is for be-ufan, so that abufan-on-be- ufan, where ufan means up- wards. Abouten, prep. about, around, near, E 1106. A. S. abútan, where bútan is for be-útan, so that about on-by-out. Abreyde, pt. s. started, awoke, E 1061. A. S. abregdan, to twist out, from bregdan, to twist, braid. See Mor. Gloss. Abrood, adv. abroad, i. e. wide open, 441. A. S. on bræde, lit. on breadth, from A. S. brád, broad. Cf. M. Goth. braidei, breadth, braids, broad.
Abyde, v. to remain, wait, E 1106; imp. p'. Abydeth, B 1175; pres. part. Abyding, awaiting, E 757. A. S. abidan, from bidan, to wait.
Abyen, v. to pay for, B 2012.
A. S. abicgan, to redeem, pay for, from bicgan, to buy. See Aboughte in Mor. Gloss.
Accepteth, imp. pl. accept, E 96,
127. Fr. accepter, Lat. acceptare. Accident, s. accidental disturbance, unusual appearance, E 607. Lat. accidere.
Accordant, adj. according, agree- ing, suitable, F 103. Accorden, pr. pl. agree, B 2137. Fr. accorder, Lat. accordare, from cor, the heart.
Acording, pres. part. agreeing, B 1737. Acounte, v. to consider, B 3591. O. Fr. acompter, from Lat. ad and computare, to count. Acquyte, v. to acquit oneself, E 936; imp. pl. Acquiteth, B 37. Fr. acquitter, Lat. adquietare, from quies, rest.
Acustumaunce, s. custom; had of acustumaunce was accustom- ed, B 3701. From O. Fr.
coustume, Low Lat. costuma, cor- rupted from consuetudinem. Adoun, adv. down, B 3630; F
351, 464. A. S. of-dúne, lit. off the down or hill, from dún, a hill, a down. Aduersarie, s. adversary, foe, B 3868. Fr. adversaire, from ad- verse, which from Lat. ad and uertere, to turn. Aduersitee, s. adversity, F 502. Affray, s. terror, B 3273. effroi, terror, effrayer, to terrify, Provençal esfreidar, which from Lat. exfrigidare, to chill with fright, from Lat. frigus, cold. After, prep. according to, F 100; after me= according to my com- mand, E 327; after the year = according to the time of year, F 47. A. S. æfter, where the root is af= Greek ȧπó, E. of, and ter is a comparative suffix. After, adv. afterwards, B 98. After that, conj. according as, E 203.
Agaste, pr. s. terrified, B 3395; pp. Agast, terrified, afraid, B 1859, E 1052. The prefix a= A. S. a-, Ger. er-, Moso-Gothic us-; cf. Goth. usgaisjan, to terrify. Agayn, prep. against, B 1754, F 6, 57; Ageyn, F 142; Ageyns, B 3754. A. S. on-gean, against,
Agayns, prep. towards, to meet, E 911. Formed from A. S. ongean, by adding adverbial suffix -es. The M. E. agayns is now corrupted into against. Age, s. life, E 627; pl. Ages, times, periods, B 3177. Fr. âge, O. Fr. edage, Low Lat. ætaticum, derived from Lat. æta- tem.
Ageyn, adv. again, F 654. See Agayn.
Agoon, pp. departed, i.e. dead, E
631; Ago, gone away, F 626;
Agoon, ago, B 1841; Ago, 1876. A. S. agán, pp. of verb agán, to go by, pass by, which is equivalent to G. ergehen. Agreued, pp. aggrieved, E 500. O. Fr. agrever, from Lat. grauis, heavy.
Aken, pr. pl. ache, B 2113. A. S. acan, acian, to ache, pain; cf. Gk. ἄχος.
Aketoun, S. a short sleeveless tunic, worn under the hauberk, B 2050. Fr. hoqueton, O. Fr. auqueton, a cloak, a stuff for cloaks; originally alqueton, Span. alcoton, Arabic al-qôton, where al is the def. article, and qôton is
Al, adj. all, in phr. temple and al, B 3275; at al-in every respect, E 1222; pl. Alle, B 118, 121, 1181; Alle and someone and all, E 941. A. S. eal, Moso- Goth. alls.
Al, adv. completely, B 3215, 3451; all blood = completely covered with blood, 1967; conj. although, E 99; Al be, F 155; Al be it, F 105, Al so-so, E 1226.
Alayes, s. pl. alloy, E 1167. Cf. O.Fr. a lei, according to law; Fr. aloi, a standard, O. Fr. alei, which for a lei = Lat. ad legem ; so that alloy literally means ac- cording to the standard. Alday, adv, continually, F 481; always, B 1702. Alderfirst, adv. first of all, F 550. A. S. alra, ealra, gen. pl. of eal, all, became M.E. aller, alther, and alder.
Ale, s. ale; ale and breed=ale and bread, drink and meat, B 2062; gen. Ale, of ale, 3083. A.S. ealu, O. Icel. öl. Aley, s. an alley, B 1758.
allée, a walk, from aller, to go. Algate, adv. in all respects, E
Alliaunce, s. alliance, B 3523; Alliance, i. e. marriage, espousal, E 357. From F. allier, Lat. alligare, from ligare, to bind, tie. Allow, I p. s. tr. I approve, I ap- plaud, F 676. O. F. alouer, which has two sources, often con- fused, viz. Lat. locare and Lat. laudare. In this case it is the latter. Allye, s. ally, relative, B 3593. See Alliaunce. Allyed, pp. provided with friendly aid, B 3720.
Almest, adj. almost, B 1948. Als, conj. also, B 3973, 3976. A. S. eall-swa, all-so, corrupted to als, also, and as. Alwey, adv. continually, always, E 458, 810; ceaselessly, F 422. Alyghte, v. to alight, E 981. A. S. alihtan, to descend, alight; cf. to light upon. Alyue, adv. alive;
lit. in life, E liue = A. S. on
139. E. E. on life, i. e. in life. Ambel, s. amble; an ambel = in an amble, at an ambling pace, B 2075. Fr. ambler, from Lat. ambulare, to walk.
Ambes as, i.e. double aces, B 1.24. See note. O. F. ambes, a pair, Lat. ambo. The word sur- vives as a gambling term; thus, J'ai gagné une ambe à la loterie, i. e. I have drawn two figures, a pair of chances.' Brachet. Ambling, pres. part. ambling, E 388.
Amende, v. to improve, F 197; to surpass in right demeanour, 97; pp. Amended, surpassed, B 3444. F. amender, from Lat. emendare, by an unusual change.
Ameued, pt. s. moved, changed;
altered not, E 498.
amouere, through O. French. Amidde, prep. amid, in the midst of, F 409. A. S. on-middan, in
the middle. Amis, adv. amiss, wrongly, B 3370, F 7. For on misse, in a mistake, cf. Icel. missa, a loss, Du. mis, an error. Amonges, prep. amongst, B 3344. A. S. onmang, among. The -es is an adverbial suffix; amonges is now corrupted to amongst. Amounteth, pr. s. amounts to, F 108. O. Fr. amonter, to ascend, increase, from Lat. admontare, to go uphill, to mount, from Lat.
And, conj. if, E 2433. Cf. A. S.
angle,' a term in as- trology (see note), F 263; pl. Angles, angles, 230. Lat. angulus. Anhanged, pp. hung, B 3945,
3949. A. S. onhangian, to hang on. Annunciat, pp. pre-announced, i.e. whose birth was foretold, B 3205. From Lat nuncius, a messenger. Anoon, adv. suddenly, immedi- ately, B 3299, E 435; Anon, B 34, 1896. A. S. on án, lit. in one, i, e. in one moment. Anoyeth, pr. s. annoys, displeases, B 3979. O. F. anoier, to dis- please; cf. O. F. anoi, F. ennui, displeasure; der. from Lat. in odio, in the phrase in odio habui; see Brachet. Answerde, pt. s. answered, B 1170, 1172; E 21. A. S. and- swerian, where and--in return, and swerian to swear, affirm. Antem, s. anthem, B 1850. A.S. antefn, which from Lat. antiphona, Gk. ἀντίφωνα, from ἀντί and φωνέω, το sound in answer. Hence also F. antienne.
Antiphoner, s. anthem-book, àn- tiphonarium, B 1709. See a-
A-nyghte, adv. in the night, by night, E 464. A. S. on nihte, in the night.
Apart, adv. apart, F 252. F. à part, from Lat. partem. Apayed, pp. pleased: euel apayed =ill-pleased, E 1052; Apayd, B 1897. O.F. apaier, to appease, from Lat. ad and pacare, to satisfy; cf. E. pay.
Ape, s. ape, B 1630 (see the note), 3100. A. S. apa, Icel. api, G. affe, &c.; all from Sanskrit kapi, a monkey, by loss of initial guttural.
Aperceyue, v. to perceive; E 600 pr. s. Aperceyueth, 1018. F. apercevoir, from Lat. ad and per- cipere per-capere. Aperceyuinges, s. pl. perceivings, perceptions, observations, F 286. Apert, adv. openly, F 531. O.F. apert, Lat. apertus, open. Apertenaunt, adj. appertaining, belonging, B 3505. F. appar- tenir, from Lat. adpertinere. Apertinent, adj. appertaining, suitable, E 1010.
Apese, v. to appease, pacify, E 433. F. apaiser, derived from Lat. pacem through O. F. pais,
peace. Appalled, pp. enfeebled, languid, F 365. Not connected with pale, but from Welsh pallu, to fail, pall, loss of energy. Apparaille, s. apparel, dress, E 1208. F. appareil, preparation, from appareillir, to join like to like; F. pareil = Lat. pariculus, dimin. of par, like. Not derived from Lat. parare. Apparence, s. appearance, F 218. From Lat. apparere, from ad and parere, to be open to view. Appetytes, s. pl. appetites, B
3390. F. appétit, Lat. appetitus, from petere. Arace, v. to tear away, remove forcibly, E 1103. O. F. aracer, F. arracher, from Lat. eradicare; cf. O. F. raïs, a root, from Lat. radicem.
Archeer, s. archer, B 1929. From Lat. arcus, a bow. Archewyues, s. pl. archwives, ruling wives, 1195. The pre- fix arch- is Greek; cf. Gk. ȧpxi-, chief, from ȧpxh, a beginning; the latter part is from A. S. wif, a woman, wife.
Ark, s. arc, referring to the arc of the horizon extending from sunrise to sunset, B 2. See note. From Lat. arcus, an arc, bow. Arminge, s. arming, putting on of armour, B 2037. From Lat. arma. Armlees, adj. armless, without an arm, B 3393. A. S. arm, arm; and suffix -leas, Moso- Goth. -laus, deprived of. Armoure, S. armour, B 2009;
As, conj. like, B 1864; as if, 1636; As after, according to, 3555; As in, i. e. for, 3688; As now, at this time, F 652; As of, with respect to, 17; As to, with refer- ence to, 107; As that, as soon as, 615; As ferforth as, as far as, B 19. As is short for also; see
As, s. an ace; ambes as= double aces, B 3851. From Lat. as, a unit. Ascending, pres. part. ascending, in the ascendant, i. e. near the eastern horizon, F 264. From Lat. scandere, to climb. Asken, v. to ask, B 101; 2 p. s. pr. subj. Aske, 102. A. S. acsian. Assaille, v. to assail, attack, B.
3953. F. assailler, Lat assalire, from ad and salire, to leap. Assay, s. trial, E 621, 1138; pl. Assayes, trials, 697, 1166. Assaye, imp. s. 3 p. let him try,
1229; pp. Assayed, tried, 1054. Another form of essay, from F. essayer, which from essai, a trial, Lat. exagium, a weighing; from Lat. agere. Assenten, pr. pl. assent, agree, E 176. From Lat. ad and sentire, to feel.
Asshen, s. pl. ashes, F 255. A. S. axan, ahsan, ashes, pl. of axe, ahse, an ash, cinder. Astonied, pt. s. astonished, E 316. O. F. estonner, F. étonner, to astonish, said to be derived from a supposed Lat. extonare= attonare, to thunder at. I do not admit it, but connect it with G. erstaunen, and derive it from a prefix a- or e- (G. er-) and the root seen in A. S. stunian, to stun, G. staunen.
Asure, s. azure, blue, E 254. O. F. asur, F. azur, G. lasur, from Lat. lapis lazuli, a word of Persian origin, signifying blue-
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