Abstrahit Apocope fini; sed dat Paragoge. 74, 75 De Figuris Prosodia. 76 77 M vorat Ecthlipsis; sed vocalem Synalæpha. 78, 79 Systole corripit, extenditque Diastole tempus. 80, 81 EXEMPLA. 74. Peculî, pro peculii; otî, pro otii; da pro saux. Parthenope, studiis florentem ignobilis otî.—Id. 76. Thymbre, pro Thymber; nagтu, pro ngaтa ; ngafınv, pro nagsinv. Nam tibi Thymbre, caput Evandrius abstulit ensis.Virg. -Ηνορεκ πίσυνοι και καρτει χειρων.—Hom. 77. Olli, pro illi; volgus, pro vulgus; μstav pro μελισσαν. Olli cœruleus supra caput adstitit imber.-Virg. Ερως ποτ' εν ροδιισι Κοιμωμένην μέλιτταν Ουκ είδεν αλλ' ετρώθη.—Anac. 78. Italiam, Italiam primus conclamat Achates.-Virg. O curas hominum ! O quantum est in rebus in ane.-Pers. 79. Conticuere omnes, intentique ora tenebant.-Virg. Dardanidee muris; spes addita suscitat iras.-Id. Ους κεν εν γνοίην, και τόνομα μυθησαιμην.---Hom. 80. Tulĕrunt, pro tulērunt; Booμe, pro Bиowμm. Matri longa decem tulērunt fastidia menses.-Virg. Derivationes. 74. ab aro, ab, et nтw, scindo. 75. a raga, præter, et aya, duco. 76. a usera, trans, et rnu, pono. 77. ab arti, contra, et Tu, pono. 78. ab 96, elido. 79. a cuvanapa, conglutino. 80. a σUOTE, contraho. 81. a dore, produco. Conficit ex binis contracta Synæresis unam. 82 81. Prĭamiden, pro Prīamiden; amōr, pro amor. Atque hic Priamiden laniatum corpore toto.-Virg. Considant, si tantus amōr, et monia condant.-Id. Ιδον αίολον οφιν.—Hom 82. Seu lento fuerint alvearia vimine texta.-Virg. Unius ob noxam et furius Ajacis Oilei.-Id. Αλλά πατης ουμος φρεσι μαίνεται ουκ αγαθησι.---Hom. 83. Aurai trissyllabum, pro auræ dissyllabo; siluæ pro silvæ. Æthereum sensum, atque auräi simplicis ignem.-Virg. Nivesque deducunt Jovem ; nunc mare nunc siluæ.-Hor. Derivationes. 82. a uvuga, connecto. 83. a diage, divido. PART IV. PRONUNCIATION.* What is Pronunciation ? A conformity of the voice and gesture to the subject. What is its object? To transfuse into others our own ideas and emotions. How is this to be accomplished? By being moved ourselves with the passions we desire to excite in others. Into how many parts is Pronunciation divided? *"Pronunciation," says Cicero to Herennius, "is a graceful management of the Voice, Countenance and Gesture." "Action," says Cicero in his Oratore, "is the predominant power in eloquence. Without it the best speaker can have no name, and with it a middling one may obtain the highest." "Pronunciation," says Quintilian," is called by most authors Action; but the former name seems rather to agree with the Voice, and the latter with the Gesture." Cicero and Quintilian relate that Demosthenes being asked what was the greatest excellency in oratory, gave the preference to Pronunciation, and assigned to it the second and third place, until no further question was put to him; by which it appeared that he judged it to be, not so much the principal as the only excellency. Cicero, in his third book de Oratore, says: "For nature has given every passion its peculiar expression in the look, the voice, and the gesture; and the whole frame, the look and voice of a man are responsive to the passions of the mind, as the strings of a musical instrument are to the fingers that touch them." Quintilian says: "Now as all action, as I said, is divided into two parts, Voice and Gesture; of which one strikes the eyes, the other the ears, through which two senses every passion has access to the mind, I shall speak first of the Voice, to which the Gesture is supposed to conform itself." What is Voice? Voice is a kind of sound which influences the passions, either by raising or allaying them. * What does voice comprise ? Accent, Emphasis, Tone and Pause. Accent is the laying of a peculiar stress of the voice on a certain letter or syllable in a word, that it may be better heard than the rest, or distinguished from them. What is meant by Emphasis ? A stronger and fuller sound of the voice, by which we distinguish some word or words on which we design to lay particular stress, and to show how they affect the rest of the sentence. * Cicero, in his third book de Oratore, chapter 60, says: "But the chief excellence to be admired, in a good delivery, is a fine voice. If an orator possess not a good voice, it ought, such as it is, to be improved." "And in the same chapter he says: Nothing tends more to acquire an agreeable voice in speaking than frequently to relax it, by passing from one strain to another, and nothing tends more to injure it than violent exertion unrelieved by modulation. What gives greater pleasure to our ears, and more charm to delivery, than judicious transitions, variety and change? Therefore, Catulus, you might have heard from Licinius, who is your client, a man of learning, and the secretary of Gracchus, that Gracchus made use of an ivory flute, which a man who stood privately behind him, while he was speaking, touched so skilfully, that he immediately struck the proper note, when he wanted either to quicken or to soften the vehemence of his voice." Emphatica, aliaque præcipuæ notæ verba, præsertim Antitheta, seu invicem respondentia, et tropi figuræque insigniores, paulo altiorem vocis et tonum et sonum requirunt.-Butler. Vox, quatenus ad orationis partes, sit in Exordio verecunda, in Narratione aperta, in Propositione clarior, in Confirmatione fortis, in Confutatione severior, in Conclusione excitata, quasi parta victoria.-Butler et Dugard. Vox, ratione affectuum seu passionum, sit in Commiseratione flexibilis, in Iracundia incitata, in Metu demissa in Voluptate hilirata, in Dolore tristis, in blandiendo, fatendo, satisfaciendo, rogando, et suadendo, submissa, in monendo et promittendo fortis, in consolando blanda, in laudando, gratias agendo, et similibus læta, magnifica, et sublimis.-Id. What relation exists between Accent and Emphasis ? Accent has the same relation to words that Emphasis has to sentences. In what do tones consist? In the modulation of the voice, the notes or variations of sound which we employ in public speaking. What are Pauses? Pauses or rests in speaking, are a total cessation of the voice, during a perceptible, and, in many cases a measurable, space of time. What is Gesture? The accommodation of the attitude to the several parts of a discourse ;-"The suiting of the action to the word."* *"But all these emotions," says Cicero in his third book de Oratore, chapter 59,"ought to be accompanied with Gesture; not theatrical gesture, limited to particular words, but extended to the whole discourse; aiding the sense, not by pointing, but by emphasis, a strong manly action, borrowed from the use of arms, or the school of arts, and not from stage performers. The hand ought not to saw the air, and the fingers in moving should follow the words, and not precede, as it were, to point them out. The arm should be stretched forward, as if to brandish the bolts of eloquence; and the stamping the foot ought to take place, either in the beginning or the end of a debate. But all depends upon the face, and all power of the face is centred in the eyes. This our old men are the best judges of; for they were not lavish of their applause, even to Roscius when he was in a mask. All action depends upon the passions, of which the face is the picture and the eyes the interpreters. For this is the only part of the body that can express all the passions; nor can any one who looks another way create the same emotions. Theophrastus used to apply to one Tauriscus, who averted his face from the audience when he was repeating his part, the epithet Aversus. Therefore a great deal consists in the right management of the eyes, for the features of the face ought not to be altered too much, lest we become ridiculous or disgustful. It is by its vividness, or the langour of the eye, by a dejected, or a cheerful look, that we express the emotions of the heart, and accommodate what we say, to what we feel. Action is, as it were, the language of the body, and therefore ought to correspond to the thought." And in the same chapter he says: "But nature has given a particular force to all the modifications of action; there |