Thus, we may say, "He is loved by John;" but not, "He is gone by John." "He has risen," and "He is risen," both represent the subject us performing the action.

EXERCISES.

1. Conjugate in writing the following verbs in the passive voice.

Pain, follow, admit, attend, persuade, carry.

2. Tell or write the first person singular of all the tenses of the preceding verbs in the passive voice, together with the infinitive and participles.

3. Tell or write the second person singular of the same verbs-the third person singular-the first person plural-the second-the third.

4. In what voice, mood, tense, number, and person, is each of the following verbs? I am loved, thou hast been deceived, he is followed, we shall be helped, he has formed, he has been formed, I will admit, we may have been deceived, you should attend, to help, to be helped, having helped, having been helped, to have been helped, to have helped.

The forms which denote the action or state as imperfect, or continuing, are composed of the imperfect participle and the verb to be. Thus,

The pupil may go through the other tenses in the same way.

What is said concerning some intransitive verbs that have the form of the passive

voice?

Remarks.-1. Some verbs of this form are sometimes used in a passive sense; as, "The house is building," "While these arrangements were making."

2. In modern usage the same idea is often expressed by the imperfect participle passive; as, "What lies at the bottom of the question which is now being discussed every where?"-Dr. Arnold. Lectures on History. "He struck the Count de Harcourt a violent blow, as he was being led away."— James. Life of Edward the Black Prince.

This mode of expression is not improper in the nature of things, but it is too modern to be yet considered a principle of the language.

In simple negation the adverb not is placed after the verb, or after the first auxiliary—sometimes after the object of a transitive verb; as, "I love not this man;" "I do not love you;" "I love you not."

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Not is placed before the infinitive and participles; as, "Not to love;" "Not loving;" and after the subject in the imperative mood, when the subject is expressed.

The simple forms of the present and past tenses are seldom used in this negative form.

Future Perfect..........I shall or will not have loved.

Where is the adverb, not, placed in simple negation?

Present Perfect ... If I have not loved, etc.

Present

.I may, can, or must not love.

Present Perfect..I may, can, or must not have loved.

Past

.I might, could, would, or should not love. Past Perfect....I might, could, would, or should not have

Love not, or love thou not, or do not love, or do thou not love.

Note. The first person only is given. The pupil may name all the persons, and go in the same way through the passive, I am not loved, I have not been loved, etc.

In interrogative sentences the subject is placed after the first auxiliary, or after the verb when there is no auxiliary; as, "Lovest thou?" "Dost thou love?"

The simple forms of the present and past tenses are seldom used in interrogation.

None but the indicative and potential moods can be used interrogatively.

How is the subject placed in interrogative sentences?

Present...

....Do I love?

. Have I loved?

. Did I love?

.. Had I loved ?

. Shall I love?

...Shall I have loved?

May, can, or must I love?

Present Perfect . . May, can, or must I have loved?

Past...

.Might, could, would, or should I love? Past Perfect....Might, could, would, or should I have loved?

PASSIVE VOICE. Am I loved? Have I been loved? Was I loved? etc.

INTERROGATIVE

NEGATIVE FORM.

In interrogative negative sentences the subject is placed after the first auxiliary, and followed by the adverb not; if no auxiliary is used, the subject and the adverb follow the verb.

EXAMPLES.

INDICATIVE

Present....
Present Perfect

Past...

Past Perfect...
Future..

Future Perfect..

MOOD..

Do I not love?
Have I not loved?
Did I not love?

. Had I not loved?

Shall I not love?

.Shall I not have loved?

How is the subject placed in interrogative negative sentences?

Present...

May, can, or must I not love?

Present Perfect .. May, can, or must I not have loved?

Past....

.. Might, could, would, or should I not love? Past Perfect..... Might, could, would, or should I not have

loved?

PASSIVE VOICE. Am I not loved? Have I not been loved? Was I not loved? etc.

An irregular verb is one which does not form its past tense and auxiliary perfect participle by adding ed.

There are about one hundred and seventy irregular verbs, which may be divided into two classes-those in which the past tense and auxiliary perfect participle are alike, and those in which they are unlike.

Some verbs have two forms of the past tense, or of the auxiliary perfect participle, or of both. The preferable forms are first in order. If the first forms are alike, the verb is placed in the first class; if they are different, it is placed in the second.

Note. The second class should be particularly attended to, for it is with respect to verbs of this class that errors are most frequently committed. The past tense and the auxiliary perfect participle are alike in most verbs, and we are apt to use the one for the other when they differ. Thus, "I done," "I seen," are often used for "I did," "I saw ;" and "I have went," "I have drank," for "I have gone," "I have drunk." So in the passive. "Toasts were drank," is now often used for "Toasts were drunk."*

What is an irregular verb?

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1 What two classes of irregular verbs?

*It would be better for those who are afraid to say, "Toasts were drunk," lest in might be supposed that the toasts were intoxicated, to use some other form of expression, such as, "The company drank toasts," and not make the innocent language suffer to save the character of the toasts.