EXERCISES.

Which are independent and which dependent clauses in the following sentences? Which are the leading subjects, and which the leading verbs?

You will suffer, if you sin. If you sin, you will suffer. The wicked flee, when no man pursues. I am saddest when I sing. When I sing I am saddest. He will be ruined, unless he change his course. Unless he change his course, he will be ruined. I did not see him till he had spoken. No man can say that he is dishonest. I will not believe that he is dishonest. That he is dishonest, I will not believe.

The members of a compound sentence may be connected by relatives, conjunctions, or adverbs.

Thus, "He is respected by all who know him ;" "He fled when danger appeared ;" "You say that he is honest." In the first sentence, the relative who, besides being the subject of the verb know, connects the clause to which it belongs to the leading clause; in the second sentence, the adverb when connects the clauses; in the third, the conjunction that.

An infinitive with its subject may be united to another clause without a connective; as, “I believe John to be honest ;" that is, "I believe that John is honest."

The connecting word is sometimes omitted; as, “This is the man I saw ;" "Thou canst not say I did it." Whom is omitted in the former sentence, and that in the latter.

Instead of a dependent clause connected by a conjunction, a noun and a participle sometimes stand as an abridged proposition; as, "The enemy having been subdued, he departed;" that is, when the enemy had been subdued.

How may the members of a compound | Is the connecting word always expressed? sentence be connected? What sometimes stands as an abridged proposition?

What may be united to another clause without a connective?

EXERCISES.

1. Name the connecting words in the last exercises.

2. What connecting words are omitted in the following sentences?

I am sure he was there. He took all he could find. I would have spoken to him, had I seen him. Had I seen him, I would have spoken to him. He is the best musician I ever heard.

Agreement is the correspondence of one word with another in gender, number, case, or person.

Government is the influence of one word upon the case of an

other.

A word is said to depend on another when its case, gender, number, mood, tense, or person, is determined by that word.

A word is said to follow another when it depends upon it in construction, whatever may be its position in the proposition.

RULES OF SYNTAX.

I.

A noun or pronoun, annexed to another noun or pronoun, for the sake of explanation or emphasis, is put in the same case.

II.

Adjectives and participles belong to nouns or

pronouns.

III.

Pronouns agree with their antecedents in gender, number, and person.

IV.

The subject of a finite verb is put in the nominative case.

What is agreement?
What is government?

When is a word said to depend on another?
When is a word said to follow another?

V.

A verb agrees with its subject in number and person.

VI.

A noun or pronoun, in the predicate, after any but a transitive verb in the active voice, is put in the same case as the subject, when it denotes the same person or thing.

VII.

The nominative case is sometimes used without a verb.

VIII.

A noun in the possessive case limits the meaning of another noun.

IX.

The object of a transitive verb is put in the objective case.

X.

The object of a preposition is put in the objective case.

XI.

The infinitive sometimes has a subject in the objective.

XII.

The infinitive mood may depend on a verb, an adjective, or a noun.

XIII.

Participles are modified in the same way as their verbs are.

XIV.

A preposition shows the relation between a noun or pronoun and some other word.

XV.

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

XVI.

Conjunctions connect words and propositions.

XVII.

Interjections have no grammatical connection with other words.

RULE I.

A noun or pronoun, annexed to another noun or pronoun, for the sake of explanation or emphasis, is put in the same case; as,

"Paul an apostle," "The city Rome;" "We men are mortal;" "These words were spoken to us men ""Brutus killed Caesar, him who had been his friend."

Remarks.—1. The annexed word is said to be in apposition with the other.

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2. The noun is sometimes repeated, for the sake of emphasis; as, Company, villainous company, hath been the spoil of me."—Shakspeare.

3. A noun is sometimes in apposition with a sentence, and a sentence sometimes in apposition with a noun; as, "He recovered, a result which was not expected;" "This truth once known-to bless is to be blessed."

4. The proper name of a place, instead of being put in apposition with the preceding common noun, is generally preceded by the preposition of; as, "The city of Rome;" "The state of Ohio." The same construction occurs with titles, etc.; as, "He has the title of King."

5. The explanatory word is sometimes placed before the word with which it is in apposition; as,

"Poor wanderers of a stormy day,

From wave to wave we're driven."-T. Moore.

What is the rule for nouns in apposition? | What is said of the proper name of a place For what purpose is the noun sometimes repeated?

What is said of a noun in apposition with a sentence, etc.?

in connection with a common noun ? Does the explanatory word always come after the noun with which it is in apposition?

EXAMPLES TO BE PARSED.

Religion, the support of adversity, adorns prosperity. Romulus, the founder of Rome, killed his brother Remus. Stephen, the martyr, was stoned. The lips of Isaiah the prophet were touched with fire.

This book belongs to my friend Thompson, him who was with me yesterday.

"The night's long hours still find me thinking

Of thee, thee, only thee."

MODEL.

Support is a common noun, etc.; in the nominative case-because religion is, with which it is in apposition; according to Rule 1. "A noun or pronoun,'

etc.

Note. The "Exercises to be corrected" may also be used as parsing lessons.

EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED.

This is my

They slew Varus, he that was mentioned before. cousin, her who lives in New York. Will you act thus towards me, I who have so often assisted you.

RULE II.

Adjectives and participles belong to nouns or pro

nouns.

Note. This rule includes articles, and those adjectives which are sometimes called adjective pronouns.

Remarks.-1. Any thing used as a noun--an infinitive, a participle, [participial noun,] or a whole clause, may have adjectives belonging to it; as, "To die for our country is glorious;" "Learning languages is difficult;" "That any should be so foolish is surprising."

2. An adjective, in connection with an infinitive, or a participial noun, is often used without reference to any particular object, to denote an abstract idea; as, "To be good is to be happy" (that is, goodness is happiness ;) “Virtue consists, not in appearing good, but in being good.”

tion with an infinitive or a participial noun?

What is the rule for adjectives and parti- | How is an adjective often used in connecciples?-What does this rule include? May any thing besides nouns have adjectives belonging to it?