Imatges de pàgina
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arauddham, r. 91. a. b.); from dah (adhāksham, &c., dual adhākshwa, adāgdham, r. 91. h. i.).

g. But in the atm. if a root end in any other vowel than ri, Guna takes place; as, from chi, ache (fa acheshi, &c.); and if in ri, or any consonant, then the vowel is unchanged; as, from kri, akṛi (akṛiṣhi, akṛithāh, &c.); from yuj, ayuj (ayukshi, ayukthah, &c.); from rudh, arudh (arutsi, aruddhāh, aruddha, r. 91. a. b.).

Form 3.* Formation of the Base.

h. Roots of any conjugation, making use of this form, in general attach the terminations directly to the root: thus, from gam, agam (agamam, &c.); from bhid, abhid (abhidam, &c.). And no confusion can arise from this apparent identity with the 1st pret., as in all cases where these terminations are used for the 3d pret., the 1st pret. presents some difference in the form of its base; as in agachchham, abhinadam. So again, the sixth conjugation, which alone can ever shew a perfect identity of root and base, never makes use of this form for its 3d pret., unless by some special rule the base of its 1st pret. is made to differ from the root. Thus, lip, "to smear" (cf. ¿^eípw), which is alipam in the 3d pret., is alimpam in the first. i. Certain roots ending in long vowels, as dā, "to give,"† make use of the terminations of this form, but reject the initial vowel throughout (adām, adāh, adāt ; dual, adāva; 3d pl. aduh; ātm. adishi, &c., form 2.‡). So bhu, “to be," except in the 1st sing. and 3d plur. ( abhavishi, &c. form 2.).

abhūvam, abhūh, &c.; 3d plur. abhūvan; in the ātm.

j. The roots vach, “to speak,” and pat," to fall,” follow this form; but, in contradistinction to the 1st pret., make their bases avoch, apopt (avocham, apaptam, cf. ¿TITTOV). As, "to throw," makes āsth; shās, ashish; nash, anesh.

k. Certain roots ending in πsh, sh, h, inclosing a medial i, u, or ṛi, form their 3d pret. according to this third scheme; but whenever confusion is likely to arise

* Bopp has noticed that this form of the 3d pret. corresponds very clearly with the 2d aorist of the Greek (cf. asthām, asthās, asthāt with ếσTMnv, čotns, éotn), and that the first two forms are more or less analogous to the 1st aorist.

† Bopp remarks that the 1st pret. of this root adadām bears the same relation to its 3d preterite adām, that édídov does to edwv. So also the relation of adhām (3d pret. of dha) to adadhām (1st pret.) corresponds to that of ěny to èríonv. Cf. also abhavah and abhūh with éques and ĕpus.

Roots like dā, in the ātm., change the radical ā to i, and follow form 2.: thus, adishi, adithāh, adita, adiṣhwahi, &c.

between the 1st and 3d preterites, the base is formed by the addition of sh to the root, the final of the root being at the same time changed to k (r. 91. e.).

Thus from f¿π dish,“ to point out," comes the base adiksh (fi adiksham,&c., cf. édeia, 1st pret. adisham); from dwish, "to hate," adwiksh (adwiksham, &c.); from duh, "to milk," adhuksh (adhuksham, &c., r. 91. i.). But this class of roots substitutes i for e, the termination of the 1st pers. sing. ātm. (adikshi, adikshathāh, &c.), and āthām, ātām, for ethām, etām, in the 2d and 3d dual (adikshāthām).*

Causal verbs make use of the terminations of this form, but the base assumes a very peculiar reduplication (analogous to the Greek pluperfect), to be afterwards explained. Thus, from budh, abubudh (abubudham, &c.).

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syat

syatām syan syata syetām syanta

OBS. The initial sibilant, in the terminations of both these

tenses, almost always takes the cerebral form sh.

Formation of the Base of the Benedictive or Precative.

104. In forming the base of this tense the parasmaipada never admits inserted i, but those roots which take inserted i in the futures (see p. 79.) take it also in the atmanepada of this tense; as from bhu, "to be," the two bases bhu and bhavi (भूयासं bhūyāsam, Sc., भविषीय bhavishiya, &c.).

* A few roots of this kind optionally follow form 2. in the atm.; as, fe may be afpfa, agia:, uoit, &c., and ge, wyfa, açu:, agʊu, &c., r. 91. h. i.

a. If a root end in ā, this vowel is changed to e in the par.; as, from dā, de (uni deyāsam, &c.), but not in the ātm. (Tatu dāsīya, &c.).

b. If in i or u, these vowels are lengthened in the par.; as, from chi, chi; from hu, hu (chiyāsam, &c., hūyāsam, &c.), and changed to Guna in the atm. (cheṣhiya, hoshiya). Similarly ह्वे and वे (हूयासं, ऊयासं).

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c. If in ri, this vowel is changed to fri in the but retained in the atm.; thus, the bases fand (f, q). After a double consonant ri becomes ar in the par. As also before inserted i (staryāsam, stariṣhīya from stṛi). d. If in, this vowel is changed to ir, in both voices; as, from तृ the base तीर् (tīryāsam, tīrṣhīya); but before inserted i in the atm. to ar (tariṣhiya or tarīṣhiya). e. If in a consonant, there is no change in the par., and no change in the ātm., unless the root take the inserted i, when Guna is required; as, from budh the bases budh and bodhi (budhyāsam, bodhiṣhiya); from dwish, the base dwish (dwishyāsam, dwikshiya). But in the par. certain roots undergo changes analogous to those in the 2d pret. (r. 99. d. f.) and in the passive (r. 112. d. f.). Thus, from grah, grihyāsam, &c.; from vach, uchyāsam, &c.; from swap, supyāsam; from yaj, ijyāsam, &c.

It is to be remarked of this tense, that the changes of the base before the y of the par. terminations are analogous to those before the y which is the sign of neuter and passive verbs (r. 89. 112.). Observe, moreover, that the terminations resemble those of the potential of irregular primitives (p. 66.); the only difference being, that in most cases a sibilant, and in some, two sibilants, are either prefixed or inserted.

Formation of the Base of the Conditional.

105. This tense, in its formation, lies half way between the first preterite and the second future. It resembles the 1st pret. in prefixing the augment a to the base, and in the latter part of its terminations: it resembles the second future in inserting i in exactly those roots in which the future inserts i, and in the first part of its terminations. Thus, from budh comes the base abodhi (f abodhishyam, &c.); from kship, the base akshep (

INFINITIVE MOOD.

akshepsyam, &c.).

Termination tum (cf. the Latin supine).

Formation of the base.

106. The base of the infinitive is identical with the base of the first future, and where one inserts i, the other does also. Thus from budh, bodhi ( bodhitum); from kship, kshep (Яksheptum). Moreover, all the rules for the change of the final consonant of a root before the t of the future terminations apply equally before

the t of the infinitive.

the 3d
pers. sing. of the
See p. 80.

Hence, by substituting um for the final a of

1st future, the infinitive is at once obtained. Thus, tyaktā, tyaktum; prashṭā, prashṭum (); soḍhā,

soḍhum (), &c. &c.

CAUSALS, OR VERBS OF THE 10TH CONJUGATION.

107. Every root in the language may, in theory, take what is called a causal form; and, moreover, practically, this is a most useful form of the root, that may be used to give either a causal or active sense to a primitive verb. Thus the primitive verb bodhati, "he knows," becomes in the causal fa bodhayati, "he causes to know," or "informs"; and the primitive kshubhyati, "he is shaken," becomes kshobhayati, "he shakes." This form, also, may sometimes give the sense of allowing or permitting, as hārayati, “he allows to take"; nāshayati, “he suffers to perish.”

The Terminations of Causals.

a. These, in the conjugational tenses, are precisely those of regular primitive verbs, p. 63. Of the non-conjugational tenses, the second preterite necessarily conforms to the general scheme in its terminations, inasmuch as the tense itself results from the annexation of the 2d preterite of some one of the auxiliaries as, bhu or kri, to a particular form of the causal base. In the two futures, the benedictive and conditional, the terminations are precisely those of the general scheme. In the third preterite they are those of the third form (p. 81.).

Formation of the Base of Causals.

b. The first step in the formation of the base is the addition of ay to the root; and this affix is retained throughout all the tenses, conjugational and non-conjugational, excepting only the third preterite, and excepting the benedictive par.

Conjugational Tenses.

c. If a root end in a vowel, Vriddhi is required: as, from ni, nai, forming, with the affix ay, the base nayay, r. 8. (pres.

nāyayāmi, &c.; 1st pret. anayayam, &c.); from kri, the base karay (aufa kārayāmi, &c.).

Thus, from dā, the

d. Anomalies.-Roots in ā or in e, ai, changeable to ā, cannot take Vriddhi, but insert p, or sometimes y, between the root and the affix ay. base dāpay; from pā, “to drink,” pāyay; from hwe, hwāyay. But pā, “to preserve," ‚” inserts 7 (pālayāmi, &c.). The roots i, "to go"; ji, "to conquer"; smi, "to smile"; chi, "to collect”; and bhī, “to fear"; form their bases, āpay ;* jāpay ; smāpay; chāpay or chapay; bhāpay, ātm., or bhiṣhay, ātm., respectively. Hrī, "to be ashamed," and ri, "to go,” take Guna, and form their bases hrepay and

arpay.

e. If a root end in a consonant and contain the vowel a, this a is generally lengthened; as, from pach, pūchay (raaifa, &c.): but not always; as from gam, gamay (л, &c.). If it contain any other vowel, Guna takes place (unless as prohibited, r. 88. b.): thus, from budh, bodhay (bodhayāmi, &c.); from sṛip, sarpay.

f. Anomalies.—Ruh, "to grow," forms ropay; dush, "to pollute," duṣhay; hān, “to kill,” ghātay; shad, "to perish,” shātay; sphur (), “to quiver,” sphāray ; sphãy (14), “to increase,” sphāvay.

Non-conjugational Tenses.

The changes of the root requisite to form the base of the conjugational tenses are continued in all of these, the ay only being rejected in the 3d pret. and in the benedictive parasmai.

Second Preterite of Causals.

108. The second preterite is formed (according to r. 99. g.) by adding am to the base of the conjugational tenses, and affixing to this the second preterite of some one of the auxiliaries as, bhū or kri; thus, from budh, bodhayām ( bodhayāmāsa or bodhayāmbabhūva‡ or bodhayānchakāra).

*Thus, from adhi, "to go over" or "read," comes adhyapayati, "he causes to read" or 66 teaches."

† Few roots in m lengthen the a. Some, however, optionally do so.

It

may be questioned whether bhū is ever found added to causals.

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