And the

The invariable rule for the formation of the base of both future tenses is, that the Guna be substituted for the vowel of the root*: thus, from ji, "to conquer," the base je (jetāsmi, jeṣhyāmi); from shru, "to hear," the base shro (fe, zanfa). general rule, moreover, is, that if the root end in a consonant, the vowel i be inserted between the base and terminations. Thus, from budh comes the base bodhi ( वोधितास्मि bodhitāsmi, &c. ; बोधिष्यामि bodhiṣhyāmi, &c.). This insertion of i, the manifest object of which is to prevent the coalition of consonants, is unfortunately, however, forbidden in about one hundred roots, some of which are of very common occurrence; and the combination of the radical consonant with the initial t and s of the terminations, will require an acquaintance with the rules already laid down at p. 67. When these rules are acquired, there will be no difficulty in the formation of these tenses. The only question is, how are we to distinguish between those roots which insert i, and those which do not?

The laws about to be laid down will determine this point, and it is of the utmost importance that the attention of the student be directed towards them, as the assumption or rejection of this inserted vowel is not confined to the two futures, but extends to many other parts of the verb; insomuch, that if the first future reject i, it is, as a necessary consequence, rejected in the third preterite, the atm. of the benedictive, the conditional, the infinitive mood, the passive past participle, the indeclinable past participle, the future participle formed with the affix tavya, and the noun of agency formed with the affix tri; and is, moreover, optionally rejected in the 2d pers. sing. of the 2d pret., and decides the formation of the desiderative form of the root by s instead of ish. So that the learner, if he know the first future, will pass on with great ease to the formation of these other parts of the verb, and should always look to this tense as his guide. For example, taking the root kship, “to throw," and finding the 1st fut. to be ksheptāsmi, he knows that i is rejected. Therefore he knows the

* Unless such substitution be forbidden according to r. 88. a.

2d future to be kshepsyāmi; the 3d pret. to be akshaipsam; the atm. of the benedictive, kshipsiya; the conditional, akshepsyam ; the infinitive, ksheptum; the passive past participle, kshipta; the indeclinable part. ksheptwā; the future part. ksheptavya; the noun of agency, ksheptri; the 2d pers. sing. of the 2d pret. optionally chiksheptha; the desiderative, chikshipsāmi. On the other hand, taking the root yach, "to ask," and finding the 1st future to be yāchitā, he knows that i is inserted, and therefore the same parts of the verb will be yachiṣhyāmi, ayāchiṣham, yāchishiya, ayāchiṣhyam, yāchitum, yāchita, yāchitwā, yāchitavya, yāchitṛi, yayāchitha, yayāchiṣhāmi, respectively.

It is evident that roots ending in vowels do not require i, and it may be taken as a general rule that they do not insert it: there are only a few exceptions, as follows:

101. Roots ending in Vowels, inserting i in the Primitive. OBS. In the following lists the 3d pers. sing. of the 1st and 2d future is given after each root.

a. Roots ending in ū; as, bhū, "to be" (bhavita, bhavishyati). b. Roots ending in ri; as, trī, "to pass" (taritā, tariṣhyati): and in these, inserted i is optionally lengthened (tarītā, tarīṣhyati). c. Roots ending in ri short insert i in the 2d future, although rejecting it in the first; as, (kariṣhyāmi), ☎ (hariṣhyāmi).

Roots ending in Consonants, inserting i in the Primitive.

d. All roots, without exception, ending in kh, g, gh, t, th, d, n, t, th, b, y, r, l, v, insert i; in k there is one exception; in ch, four; in chh, one; inj, ten common exceptions; in d, eight; in dh, eleven; in n, two; in p, twelve; in bh, three; in m, five; in sh, seven; श् sh, nine; in 8, one; inh, twelve.

in

Roots ending in Vowels, rejecting i in the Primitive.

e. All roots in a reject i; as, dā (dāta, dāsyati): all common roots in i and i; as, je (jeta, jeshyati).

f. All common roots in u; as, shru (shrotū, shroṣhyati): all in ri reject i in the 1st future; as, hṛi (hartā, hariṣhyati).

102. Roots ending in Consonants, rejecting i in the Primitive.

In

Of roots ending in K, (shaktā, shakshyati, r. 91.). In CH, pach (paktā, pakshyati), so vach; sich (sektā, sekshyati), much (moktā, mokshyati). In CHH, (prashṭā, r. 91., prakshyati). J, tyaj (tyaktā, tyakshyati), so bhaj; yaj (yaṣhṭā, r. 91., yakshyati); (1, if), so also bhanj, sanj; yuj (yoktā, yokshyati), so bhuj; सृज् स्रक्ष्यति); मृज् ya srij* (axı, awufa); π (mārṣhṭā,† mārkshyati). In D, ad (attā, atsyati), so pad, sad; bhid (bhettā, bhetsyati), so chhid, khid; tud (tottā, totsyati), so nud. In DH, bandh (banddhā, r. 91. a., bhantsyati, r. 91. b.), vyadh (vyaddhā, vyatsyati), sādh (sāddhā, sātsyati), so rūdh; sidh (seddhā, setsyati), budh,† 4th conj. (boddhā, bhotsyate, r. 91. b.); yudh (yoddhā, yotsyate); so rudh, krudh, kshudh, shudh. In N, man† (mantā, mansyate), han (hantā, but haniṣhyati). In P, tap (taptā, tapsyati), so vap, shap, swap; āp (āptā, āpsyati), kship (kshepta, kshepsyati), so lip; lup (loptā, lopsyati); srip (sarptū or sraptā,* sarpsyati or srapsyati), so trip, drip; klrip (kalptā,† kalpsyati). In BH, labh (labdhā, r. 91, a., lapsyate, cf. Anerai, г. 91. b.), so rabh; lubh (lobdhā,† but lobhiṣhyati). In M, gam (gantā, but gamishyati), nam (nantā, nansyati), so yam; ram (rantā, ransyate), so kram.t In श्SH, dansh (दंष्टा, दंश्यति), vish (वेष्टा, r. 91. c., वेक्ष्यति, r. 91. e.), so dish; drish (e, f), so sprish, mrish; krush (mer, mìœfa). In ч SH, taksh (tashṭā, taksyati), ish (eshtu, but eşhishyati), dwish (e, f), so shlish, pish; dush (ter, so push, shush, tuṣh; krish (kraṣhṭā* or karṣhtā, krakshyati or karkshyati). In S, vas (vastā, vatsyati). In H, dah (dagdhā, r. 91. h., dhakshyati, r. 91. i.); vah (ate, r. 91. h., a being changed to o, Tæfa), sah (F1, but sahiṣhyate), nah (naddhā, natsyati, as if from nadh), gãh (16,† aœd), lih (361, dfa), dih (degdhū, dhekshyati, r. 91. i.), snih (snegdhā,† snekshyati), ruh (det, dœfn), muh (ÀÌÆ or मोग्धा, मोक्ष्यति), duh (dogdhā, dhokshyati), druht (द्रोढा or द्रोग्धा, धोक्ष्यति ), guht (गोढा, घोक्ष्यति ).

*

fa);

* In certain roots containing the vowel ri, the vowel passes into ra and rā, instead of the Guna ar or Vṛiddhi ār. Thus, the 1st future of srij is er for Hot; and the 3d pret. अस्राक्षं for असाक्षं.

† All these roots may optionally take i in the futures.

OBS. By reason of r. 30. (with note) the initial sibilant almost always

103. Formation of the Base of the Third Preterite.

This complex and "multiform" tense, the most troublesome and intricate in the whole Sanscrit verb, is not so much one tense, as an aggregation of several tenses, all more or less allied to each other, all bearing a manifest resemblance to the first preterite, but none of them exactly assignable to that tense, and none of them so distinct in its character or so universal in its application as to admit of segregation from the general group, under any separate title of its own.

Fortunately for the study of Sanscrit, the third preterite very rarely occurs in the earlier and better specimens of Hindu composition; and the student who contents himself with the Rāmāyaṇa, Mahābhārata, Hitopadesha, and Laws of Manu, and avoids the grammatical Poem of Bhatti, and the extravagant writings of more modern authors, will lose nothing by an almost total ignorance of this tense, or, at least, may satisfy himself with a very cursory survey of its character and functions.

M

All the varieties of this tense are reducible to three distinct forms, adapted to the three schemes of terminations given in the table above. The first form is that which belongs to those roots which insert i before the terminations of the non-conjugational tenses: the second belongs to those which reject i: and the third, which most nearly approximates to the 1st pret., belongs, in the first place, to certain roots, whose bases in the first pret. present some important variation from the root; in the second, to certain roots ending in πsh, sh, or h, which have i, u, or ṛi for their radical vowel; and, in the third, to causals, or verbs of the 10th conjugation.

In all the modifications of this tense, the first step in the formation of the base is the prefixing of the augment a, a further indication of its community of character with the first preterite. But besides this there are changes of the base peculiar to each form.

Form 1. Formation of the Base.

a. In the first form, if a root end in a vowel, the base must be formed in the par. by the Vriddhi change, and in the ātm. by the Guna: thus, from pū, “to purify," come the two bases apau and apo (fat apāviṣham, &c. r. 8., ufafa apavishi, &c., r. 10.†). Very few roots ending in vowels take the inserted i, and therefore very few follow this form.

b. If a root end in a single consonant, Guna is required in both par. and ātm. (r.88.b.). Thus, from budh, abodh (affy abodhisham, &c., fufa abodhishi, &c.). Almost all roots ending in consonants, which insert i, follow this form.

c. A medial a is sometimes lengthened; as, from vad, avād (avādiṣham, &c.). d. A few roots in a, e, o, and ai, with three in m, viz. yam, ram, nam, insert s before the terminations of this form, the final e, o, and ai, being changed to a. Thus, from ya, ayas (ayāsisham, &c.); from so, asās (asāsisham, &c.); from yam, ayans (ayansisham, &c.). In the atm. they follow form 2. (ayāsi, &c., aransi, &c.).

Form 2. Formation of the Base.

e. The greater number of roots rejecting i follow this form.

Observe that the initial s may often be rejected from those terminations in which it is compounded with t, th. This takes place when the base ends in any consonant except a nasal or a semi-vowel, or in any short vowel; and ḍhwam (†) takes the place of dhwam when the base ends in any other vowel than ā.

f. If a root end in either a consonant or a vowel, Vriddhi takes place in the par.; as, from kri, akar (¶ akārṣham, &c.), from yuj, ayauj (ayauksham, &c., dual ayaukshwa, ayauktam, &c.); from rudh (arautsam, &c., dual arautswa,