adding nā to the root before the terminations, and nē before all the others, excepting those beginning with vowels, where only n is added. Thus, from pū, "to purify," are formed the three bases punā, punī, and pun (punāti, punitah, punanti). This root, with some others ending in long vowels (as, dhu, "to shake "; lū, "to cut"; स्तृ "to spread "), shortens its vowel in forming the base. "to take," makes its bases, T (r. 21.*); and, "to know"; I, suc↑, SIG (jānāti, jānītah, jānanti).

मह्,

Roots ending in consonants substitute āna for nīhi, the proper termination of the 2d pers. of the imperat. "take

As, गृहाण,

thou"; and, "eat thou," from

eat thou," from, “to eat.”

SECT. III.-PRIMITIVE VERBS OF ALL CONJUGATIONS IN THE NON-CONJUGATIONAL TENSES.

* The roots श्रु, स्तु, टु, खु, कृ, भृ, सृ, वृ reject the initial i from

syasi

syathah syatha

syase syethe syadhwe

syati

syatah syanti syate syete syante

Observe, that by reason of r. 30. (with note), the most frequent form of the terminations of the second future is shyāmi, &c.

* The letter although compounded with the nasal does not prevent the opera

ह्

FORMATION OF THE BASE OF THE NON-CONJUGATIONAL TENSES.

Second Preterite.

98. The first step in the formation of the base of this tense is the reduplication of the initial consonant of the root with its vowel, or of the initial vowel: thus, from budh, "to know," bubudh ; and if the root end in a consonant, the radical vowel takes Guna before the terminations of the sing. par., but before all the other terminations reverts to its original form; hence, the two bases bubodh, bubudh (bubodha, bubodhitha, bubodha, dual bubudhiva, bubudhathuh, &c., atm. bubudhe, &c.): if in a vowel, this vowel takes Vriddhi in the 1st and 3d sing. par., and Guna in the 2d, and before all the other terminations, both par. and atm., reverts to its original form: thus, from nē, “to lead,” the bases ninai, nine, ninī (nināya, r. 8., ninayitha r. 10. or ninetha, nināya, ninyiva, ninyathuh, &c., ātm. ninye, &c.); so also from kri, the bases chakār, chakar, chakri, (chakāra, chakartha, dual chakriva); and from dhu, the bases dudhau, dudho, but in dual, plur. &c. dudhuv (dudhāva, r. 8., dudhavitha r. 10. or dudhotha, dudhāva, dudhuviva, &c., ātm. dudhuve, &c.). Bhū, “to be," is anomalous, making its base babhūv before all the terminations.

Observe, that all the terminations of this tense begin with vowels. It is indicated, however, in the scheme, that an initial i is sometimes rejected in the 2d pers. sing. This may be optionally rejected in those roots only in which (as we shall afterwards see)

tion of r. 21., and according to the same rule, kri, “to buy,” 9th conj., makes its bases krīņā, krīṇī, krīņ (tufa, tuta:, zufa).

* All Grammarians assert that pers., but this is never found.

there is an optional change to Guna in the 1st

† By a special rule, the 7 of the base is here changed to the semi-vowel instead of following r. 4. But roots ending in i or 7, of which the initial consonant is double, change i or i to iy before these same vowel terminations, that is, before all excepting the sing. par.: hence, from fa come the three bases shishrai, shishre, and shishriy. All roots ending in u or u change u or ū to uv before these vowel terminations; excepting, of course, the roots,,,, in the persons marked with *.

it is necessarily rejected in the futures.*

In the other persons

the marked with is retained in every root in the language, except eight, viz., "to do"; , "to bear ";,"to hear ";,"to praise," "to go," &c., all ending in vowels. Hence it happens

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that consonants can never come into coalition, except in the 2d pers. sing. of this tense. Its formation, therefore, is not attended with any difficulties of consonantal combination. There are certain rules, however, to be acquired, relative to the reduplication of an initial consonant with its vowel, and an initial vowel. With regard to the vowel belonging to the initial consonant, a is reduplicated for a, ā, ṛi, or ṛī; i for i, ī, or e; u for u, ū, or o: as, from dā, dadau; from tri, tatāra; from sev, siṣheva; from pū, pupāva.

99. Rules for the Reduplication of an Initial Consonant.

a. If a root begin with an aspirated consonant, its corresponding unaspirated form is reduplicated; as, from bhid, bibheda (fate).†

b. If with k or kh, the reduplicated letter is ch: as, from kri, chakāra (); from khan, chakhāna (IFI).

c. If with g, gh, or h, the reduplicated letter is j: as, from gam, jagāma; from ghrā, jaghrau (ì); from hṛi, jahāra (TEN).

d. If with a double consonant, the first only is reduplicated: as, from tyaj, tatyāja (); from kship, chikshepa (fax).

e. If with a double consonant, whose first is a sibilant and the second a hard consonant, the second only is reduplicated: as, from sprish, pasparsha (); from skand, chaskanda (◄).

Reduplication of an Initial Vowel.

f. If a root ending in a single consonant begin with a, i, or u, these vowels are repeated, and the two similar vowels blend into one long one. Thus, asa from a and as, "to be"; āpa from a and āp, r. 4.; the dual iṣhatuh from i and iṣh; ūkhatuh from u and ukh: but in the sing. of the last two cases, the radical i or u taking

* Thus, pach, "to cook," forbids i in the future; therefore the 2d sing. is either papaktha or pechitha. So also ni, “to lead,” ninnyitha or ninetha, as above. + So in the Greek, τέθαπται from θαπτω ; πεφιληκα from φιλεω.

Grammarians assert that the short a is optionally retained in the first person.

Guna, the reduplicated i becomes iy before e (iyesha), and uv before o (uvokha). If a root ending in a double consonant begin with a, or, ending in a single consonant, begin with ri, the reduplicated syllable is an: thus,, 3d sing. of ; ānardha, of ṛidh. The rooti is in the sing. iyāya, iyayitha, &c., dual īyiva, &c.

Anomalous Modes of forming the Second Preterite.

There are many anomalous ways of forming the base of the 2d pret.

a. Roots ending in ā (as, dā, "to give"; sthā, "to stand"; yā, "to go," &c.) drop the a before all the terminations, except tha, and substitute au for that of the 1st and 3d sing. par. Hence, the bases dad, tasth, yay (ì dadau, ì tasthau, yayau; dual, dadiva, tasthiva, yayiva). Similarly roots in ai, as gai (jagau). b. Roots ending in the vowel ri, in accordance with r. 98, change ri to ār in the 1st and 3d sing., and to ar in the 2d sing., and before the other terminations retain the vowel ri changeable to r; but roots in which ri is preceded by a double consonant, and most roots in long rī, instead of retaining this vowel, change it to ar in the dual and plur. par., and consequently throughout the atm. Thus, from smri, sing. sasmāra, sasmaritha, sasmāra, dual sasmariva, &c.; ātm. sasmare, &c.

c. Roots beginning with any consonant, and ending with a single consonant, and inclosing a short a, lengthen the a in the 1st and 3d sing. : as, from pach," to cook," papach; from tyaj, “to quit,”. tatyāj (tatyāja, tatyajitha, tatyāja, tatyajiva, &c.). Moreover, before itha and in the dual and plur. par., and all the persons of the ātm., if the initial as well as the final consonant of the root be single, the a is changed to e, and, to compensate for this, the reduplication suppressed. Thus, from pach come the two bases papāch and pech (papācha, pechitha or papaktha, papācha, pechiva; ātm. peche, &c.); from labḥ, ātm. "to obtain" (cf. λaußavw, èλaßov), the base lebh throughout (lebhe, lebhishe, lebhe, lebhivahe, &c.).*

d. Roots of this last kind, that require a substituted consonant in the reduplication, are excepted from the rule (but not bhaj and phal). So, also, certain roots beginning with v are excepted. These require that the reduplicated syllable be u, or the corresponding vowel of the semi-vowel, and change va of the root to u before every termination, except those of the sing. par., the two u's then blending into one long one. Thus, from vach," to speak," come the two bases uvāch and ūch (uvācha, ūchatuh, ūchuh). A similar rule is applied in yaj, “to sacrifice" (iyāja, ījatuh, ijuh).

* The roots trap, and grath, and shrath, and π, “to pass" (tatāra, teratuh, teruh, as if the root were tar), and bhram, swan, rāj, rādh, bhrāj (bhreje, bhrejāte, bhrejire), bhrāsh, and vam may follow this rule, although not answering the above conditions.

e. Gam, "to go"; han, "to kill" (which forms its 2d pret. as if the root were ghan); jan, "to be born"; and khan, "to dig"; drop the medial a before all the terminations except those of the sing. par. Hence, from gam come the two bases jagām, jagm (jagāma, jagmatuh, jagmuh).

f. मह्, “to siege,” and प्रच्छ्, “ to ask,” make their bases जमाह् and जगृह, पप्रच्छ् and पपृच्छ् (जमाह, जगृहतुः, जगृहु:); स्वप्, “ to sleep,” makes मुष्वाप् and सुषुप् ; ,"to call," forms its base like roots in u (juhāva, juhuvatuh, juhuvuh); f3⁄4, "to conquer," forms its base as if from gi (jigāya, jigyatuh, &c.).

g. Roots which begin with a vowel, long by nature or position,* and all roots of more than one syllable, form their bases by adding am to the root, and affixing the 2d pret. of some one of the auxiliaries, as,“ to be”; bhū, “to become”; a kṛi, “to do.” Thus, from ईश् comes the base ईशां (ईशामास, or ईशाम्बभूव, or ईशाञ्चकार ).

100. The First and Second Future.

The first future (as noticed by Bopp) results from the union of the nom. case of the noun of agency (formed with the affix ♬ tri, r. 41.) with the present tense of the verb, as, “to be.” Thus, taking dātṛi, “a giver" (declined p. 37.), and combining its nom. case with asmi and he, we have dātāsmi and dātāhe, “ I am a giver,” identical with the 1st pers. sing. par. and ātm. of the 1st fut., “I will give." So also dātāsi and dātāse, "thou art a giver," or "thou wilt give." In the 1st and 2d persons dual and plur. the sing. of the noun is joined with the dual and plur. of the auxiliary. In the 3d person the auxiliary is omitted, and the 3d pers. sing. dual and plur. of the 1st future in both voices is then identical with the nom. case sing. dual and plur. of the noun of agency. Thus, dātā, a giver," or "he will give"; dātārau, “two givers,' or "they two will give," &c.†

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is

The second future, in its terminations, stands in close relationship with the present tense, the only difference being that sy prefixed.

* Except ap, "to obtain," and roots having an initial a before two consonants.

† The future signification inherent in the noun of agency dātā, seems implied in Latin by the relation of dator to daturus.