Imatges de pàgina
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rundh with tah or thah becomes equally runddhah (); labh with tāhe, labdhāhe (anè). b. Final dh and bh, before s, are changed (by r. 13.), the one to t the other to p. Thus, runadh with si becomes runatsi; sedh with syāmi, setsyāmi; labh with sye, lapsye. And if the initial of the root bed or b, the aspirate, which has been rejected in the final, is thrown back on the initial; as, bodh with sye, bhotsye.

Combination of final ■ sh, u sh, ☎ s, with t, th, s, dh.

*

c. Finalsh, before t and th, is changed to sh; and the t, th, take the cerebral form 7, 3: thus, with te, ; and with thāh, .

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d. Similarly, finalsh, before t and th, requires the change of t, th, to . Thus, with ti, fe; and faq with thah, fɛɛ:. are changed to k, the s then with si, afa; q with sử,

73. e. Finalsh or sh, before s, becoming sh (r. 30. note): thus, द्वेक्षि; द्रश् with syāmi, द्रक्ष्यामि .

f. Final or, before the termination dhi of the imperat., are changed tod, the dhi becoming fe dhi. Thus, f with dhi, fasfa. Similarly with dhwam, fasc.

g. Finals, before the termination dhi of the imperat., is either dropped, or changed to d. Thus, chakās with dhi, either chakādhi or chakāddhi; शास् with dhi, शाधि; हिंस् with dhi, हिंडि.

Combination of final ₹h with t, th, and s.

h. Final h, before t and th, is changed to g, and both t and th then become dh. Thus, duh () with tah or thah becomes ч equally dugdhah; dah () with tasmi, dagdhāsmi. But if the root begin with any other letter but d or n, then its final ह् coalesces with the t or th of the termination into dh; and the radical vowel, if short, is lengthened: as, with ta, ; with मूढ; रुह् ta, रूढ; leh (लेह्) with ti, ledhi (लेटि) ; and रोह with tāsmi, रोढास्मि. Similarly the final of, before the termination dhi of the imperat.,

* There is a very remarkable parallel to this in the Greek 7р€pw, making in the future Opew, noticed by Prof. Bopp.

becomes dugdhi (fr); and the final of f blends with the same termination into dh (f).

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i. Final h before s, follows the analogy of final ST and प् and is changed to k, which blends with 8 into ksh. Thus, leh with si becomes lekshi; with syāmi, f. And if the initial of the root be d or g, the aspirate which has been changed to k is thrown back on the initial. Thus, doh () with si, dhokshi ; दह with syāmi, धक्ष्यामि ; अगुह with sam, अघुक्षं.

Second Conjugation.

92. If the root be of the 2d conjugation, the base is formed by substituting the Guna vowel for the vowel of the root, before those terminations only that are marked with P: before all the other terminations the original vowel of the root is retained.* Thus, from vid, "to know," is formed the base of the singular present, ved (vedmi, &c.), the base of the dual and plur. vid (vidwah, &c.): from dwish, “to hate," the bases dwesh and dwish† : from i, to go," the bases e and i (1st sing. emi, cf. eîμ; 1st pl. imah, cf. μev): from, "to awake,” jāgar and jāgri (3d sing. du. pl. jāgarti, jāgritah, jāgrati,‡ r. 7.).

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a. Those roots of this and the 3d and 7th conj. whose bases end in consonants reject the terminations of the 2d and 3d pers. sing. 1st pret. (excepting ad, "to eat," which inserts a before h and t). But the final of the base is changed analogously to crudes of the 8th class in the nom. case (see p. 27. r. 45.). sing. avedam, avet, avet. Adwesham, adwet (), &c. take dhi for hi in the imperative.§

Thus, They also

* Bopp has noticed a corresponding lengthening of the vowel of the root before certain terminations in Greek. Cf. δίδωμι, δίδομεν, εἴμι, ἴμεν.

†The other forms of the base of dwish are seen in r. 91. e. f.

Roots of more than one syllable, and jaksh, “to eat,” and shās, “to rule," and all roots of the 3d conjugation, necessarily reject the nasal of the 3d plur., of the pres., and imp. paras., and take uh for an in the 3d plur. 1st pret. Some other roots in the 2d conj. optionally take uh for an; as, vid, dwiṣh, pā, yā.

§ Dhi was originally the only form. Hence in the Vedas f (kλv01).

b. Roots like ad, "to eat"; pā, "to protect"; yā, "to go,” having no Guna substitute, do not change at all (admi, &c.; pāmi, &c. ; yāmi, &c.). But daridrā, par. "to be poor," makes its base daridri before the consonantal terminations not marked with P, and daridr before ati, uh, atu (3d pers. sing. dual, plur. daridrāti, daridritah, daridrati), see note marked ‡, p. 69.

c. The root stu, "to praise," and some others in u, take Vriddhi before the consonantal terminations,* changing u to uv before the vowel terminations. Hence, the three bases, stau, stu, stuv (stauti, stutah, stuvanti). Similarly, sū, ātm. “to bring forth," makes suv before the vowel terminations (sūte, suvāte, suvate); a brū, “to speak," makes bravi before the consonantal P terminations, and bruv before the vowel terminations. Hence, in the par., the three bases, bravī, brū, bruv (bravīti, brūtuh, bruvanti); and in the atm. the two bases brū, bruv (brūte, bruvāte, bruvate).

d. Rud, "to weep," besides the usual Guna change, adds i to the root before all the consonantal terminations except y. Hence the three bases rodi, rudi, rud (roditi, ruditah, rudanti). Similarly, but without Guna, the roots swap, "to sleep," shwas and an, "to breathe," jaksh, “to eat.” Han, "to kill," makes its base ha before t or th; ghn before anti, an, antu; and ja before hi (hanti, hatah, ghnanti;

2d pers. imp. jahi).

e., “to rule," makes its base fч before t, th (which then become t, th)

and

f.

y, and changes its final to t in the 2d and 3d sing. 1st pret. (ashāt).

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as, "to be," rejects its initial a, except in the 1st pret., and except before the P terminations of the other tenses.

, “to milk,” and f, “to lick," form their bases as seen at r. 91. h, i.

Third Conjugation.

93. If a root be of the 3d conjugation, the base is formed by the reduplication of the initial consonant and vowel of the root, a being the reduplicated vowel for a, i for i or ri, and u for u; and in the reduplication of the consonant, an unaspirated letter being substituted for an aspirated, and j for h. Besides the reduplication of the root, the radical syllable is subjected to the Guna change, but only before the terminations, as in the 2d conj.

* By "the consonantal P terminations" is meant those terminations marked with P which begin with consonants.

Thus, from bhri, “to bear," are formed the two bases bibhar and bibhri (3d sing. du. pl. bibharti, bibhṛitah, bibhrati, r. 7.); from hu, "to sacrifice," the two bases juho and juhu (juhoti, juhutah, juhwati, r. 7.); from bhi, 7.); from bhi, "to fear," bibhe and bibhi (bibheti, bibhītah, bibhyati). The 3d conj. is the only one which invariably drops the nasal in the 3d pl. of the pres. and imp. par., and takes uh for an in the 3d pl. of the 1st pret. Before this uh Guna is required.

a., "to give," in the par. drops the à before all except the P terminations, making its base dad, changeable to dat (dadāti, dattah, dadati), and de before the hi of the imperat. Similarly, T, "to place," makes its base dadh before v, m, y, or a vowel, and dhe before hi; but dhat before t, th, or s (dudhāti, dhattah, dadhati).

Fifth Conjugation.

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94. If a root be of the 5th conjugation, the base is formed by adding nu to the root, which is converted to the Guna no before the terminations. Thus, from chi, "to gather," are formed the two bases chino and chinu* (chinoti, chinutah, chinwanti, r. 7.) In roots ending in vowels, the u of nu may be dropped before v and m. The roots ap, "to obtain ";, "to be able "; satisfy "; and, "to increase "; ending in consonants, add nuv instead of nu before the vowel terminations (shaknoti, shaknutah, shaknuvanti).shru, shru, "to hear" (sometimes placed under the 1st conj.), substitutes shri for the root (uifa, r. 21., qya: qufa). Roots ending in vowels reject the termination hi of the imperative as, shrinu, "do thou hear "; but apnuhi, "do thou obtain."

Seventh Conjugation.

95. If a root be of the 7th conjugation, the base is formed by inserting na between the vowel and final consonant of the root, before

*This change of nu to no is supplied in the corresponding Greek affix vv, by lengthening the v, as in ζεύγνυμι, ζεύγνυμεν ; δείκνυμι, δείκνυμεν. Βopp.

† All the roots in this conjugation end in consonants.

the terminations, and n before all the other terminations.* Thus, from bhid, "to divide," are formed the two bases bhinad and bhind, changeable to bhint (bhinatti, bhinttah, bhindanti); from rudh, "to restrain," runadh and rundh, changeable to rund (runaddhi, runddhah, r. 91. a., rundhanti); from hins, "to injure," hinas and hins; from bhuj, “to eat," bhunaj, changeable to bhunak, and bhunj, changeable to bhunk (r. 91.). Similarly yuj, "to join."

Bhanj, "to break," rejects its nasal before na is inserted. Hence the bases bhanaj and bhanj (bhanakti, bhan-ktah, bhanjanti).

Eighth Conjugation.

96. The base in this conjugation is formed by the addition of u to the root, converted to the Guna o before the P terminations. There are only ten roots in this conjugation, nine of which are not in common use. Moreover, these nine all end in n, and therefore the addition of o and u will have the same effect as the addition of no and nu in the 5th conjugation. Thus, tano and tanu, from tan, "to extend " (1st sing. pl. tanomi, tanumah, cf. Távvμ, τάνυμες). But the tenth root in this class is a kri, "to do," by far the most common and useful root in the language. This root not only converts the conjugational affix u to the Guna o before the terminations, but also changes the radical vowel ri to the Guna ar before these same terminations, and before the other terminations to ur (karoti, kurutah, kurvanti), and rejects the conjugational u before v, m, y (1st plur. kurmah).

Ninth Conjugation.

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97. If a root be of the 9th conjugation, the base is formed by

Similarly, n is inserted in certain Greek and Latin roots; as, μal, μavlavw; λaß, Xaμßavw; Oly, Oiyyavw; scid, scindo; fid, findo; tag, tango; liq, linquo, &c. †The final t of the base may be dropped, bhintah; so, also, rundhah for runddhah.

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