66 Dwi, two" (dual only), is declined as if the crude were dwa : nom., acc., voc. m. dwau, f. n. dwe; ins., dat., ab. m. f. n. dwābhyām ; gen., loc. dwayoh. Tri, “three,” and chatur, "four" (plural only), declined— The neuter only differs from the masc. in the nom., voc., and acc. cases. पञ्चन् pañchan, 5; षष् shash, 6; सप्तन् saptan, 7; अष्टन् ashtan, 8 ; नवन् navan, 9; दशन् dashan, 10. 73. Panchan, "five"; shash, "six"; ashṭan, "eight" (plural only); declined Saptan, navan, and dashan, and all other numerals ending in an, follow the declension of panchan. Ekādashan, 11; drādashan, 12; trayodashan, 13; chaturdashan, 14; panchadashan, 15; shoḍashan (s), 16; saptadashan, 17; ashtādashan, 18; navadashan or unavinshati, 19; vinshati (faifa), 20; trinshat (f), 30); chatwārinshat (fin), 40; panchāshat (1), 50; ṣhaṣhti (afg), 60; saptati (f), 70; ashīti (fifa), 80; navati (f), 90; shata, n. (T), 100; sahasra, n. (gu), 1000. As from dashan, "ten," are formed ekādashan, dwādashan, trayodashan, &c., so from vinshati, "twenty," are formed ekavinshati, “twentyone"; dwāvinshati, "twenty-two "; trayovinshati," twenty-three," &c. But due regard must be paid to the laws of combination; thus, shaḍvinshati (affa), 26; trayastrinshat, 33; shaṭtrinshat, 36; chatushchatwarinshat, 44; chatuhpanchāshat (9), 54; trayahsaptati (ч:яfa), 73; tryashīti (şifa), 83; panchāshīti, 85; ṣhannavati ( षणवति), 96. Vinshati (20), and trinshat (30), are declined like fem. nouns of the third and fifth classes, usually in the singular. As, EJE विंशतिं निचखान “he infixed twenty arrows." Shata (100), sahasra (1000), are neut. nouns of the first class, usually declined in the sing.; as, w¿¿ funt, “a thousand ancestors": or they may govern a genitive case; as, funui (cf. the use of the Latin mille). 74. Ordinals. Prathama, "first"; dwitīya, "second"; tritiya, "third"; are declined as pronominals (see r. 87.). Chaturtha, "fourth" (cf. TÉTαρTOS); panchama, "fifth"; shaṣhtha (), "sixth "; saptama, "seventh "; ashṭama, "eighth "; navama, ninth "; dashama, "tenth "; like nouns of the first class (nom. -ah, -i, -am). 66 99 The ordinals from "eleventh to twentieth," are formed from the cardinals, by rejecting the final n; thus, ekādasha (nom. -ah, -ī, -am). "Twentieth" is formed, either by adding the superlative affix tama to the cardinal, as vinshatitama; or by rejecting the final, and leaving vinsha (nom. -ah, -i, -am). So also trinshattama or trinsha, thirtieth." Similarly Similarly "fortieth" and "fiftieth." The other decimal cardinals form the ordinals either by adding tama, or by changing ti to ta; as, saptatitama or saptata, "seventieth." CHAPTER V. PRONOUNS. FORMATION OF THE CRUDE. PRONOUNS have no crude state analogous to that of nouns, that is, no state distinct from all inflexion, serving as the basis on which all the cases are constructed. The question then arises, what form of the pronoun is used in the formation of compound words. In the pronouns of the first and second persons, the ablative cases, singular and plural, and in the other pronouns, the nominative and accusative cases neuter, are considered as expressive of the most general and comprehensive state of the pronoun. These cases, therefore, discharge the office of a crude, and are constantly found at the commencement of compound words. DECLENSION OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 75. mat, "I," is taken for the crude of the sing.; and asmat, "we," for the crude of the plur. of the first personal 76. twat, "thou," is taken for the crude of the sing,; and yushmat, "you," for the crude of the plural of the second personal pronoun. * The acc. sing. may also be ; the dat., gen. ; the acc., dat., gen. dual; the acc., dat., gen. plur. : (cf. Lat. nos). I. तेन tena, D. तस्मै tasmai, Ab. तस्मात् tasmāt, तयो: tayoh, तासां tāsām. This pronoun is sometimes used emphatically with the other pronouns, like ille and ipse. Thus,,“ ille ego";," illi nos"; स त्वं, “ ille tu"; ते यूर्य, "illi vos"; स एषः, “ille ipse "; तद् एतत्, 66 * The acc. sing. may also be; the dat. gen. ; the acc., dat., gen. dual ai; the acc., dat., gen. plur. : (cf. Lat. vos). REFLEXIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 78. The oblique cases of "soul," "self" (declined p. 41.), are used reflexively in place of the three personal pronouns, like the Latin ipse. Thus, ātmānam (me ipsum) anāhāreṇa haniṣhyāmi, "I will kill myself by fasting"; ātmānam (te ipsum) mritavad darshaya, "show thyself as if dead"; ātmānam (se ipsum) nindati, "he blames himself." 66 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS DECLINED. 79. The third personal pronoun tat, "he," declined above, is constantly used in a demonstrative sense, to signify "that" or this"; and by prefixing e to it, another common pronoun is formed still more strongly demonstrative; as, nom. : eshah (r. 30.), en etau, eǹ ete"; acc. en etam, &c.; ins. etena, &c. There is another very common demonstrative pronoun, of which idam, "this," the nom. case neuter, is considered to be the crude, but is never used as such. The acc. m. may be, the acc. f. i. This pronoun affords the only example of the old form for the instr. plur. of masculine |