67. Masculine form of Crudes in in, declined like fq, “rich.”

So also nouns of agency like kārin. The fem. form of nouns in in is declined like nadī; as, nom. dhaninī, kāriņī (see r. 49.).

The neuter form follows the declension of vāri; as, nom. vfa, ufanî, vaifa (see r. 53.).

† Pathin, m. "a path," is declined irregularly; thus, sing. panthāh, panthānam, pathā, pathe, pathah, pathi, pathin; dual, panthānau, pathibhyām, pathoh; plur. panthanah, pathah, pathibhih, pathibhyah, patham, pathishu.

SEVENTH CLASS.-CRUDES IN as, MASCULINE, FEMININE, AND NEUTER.

Declined like चन्द्रमस् chandramas, m. 66 the moon"; and ¤Ã¤ manas, n. “the mind.” 68. Masculine and Feminine form of Crudes in as, declined like AGHA · N. चन्द्रमा: chandramāh, चन्द्रमसौ chandramasau, चन्द्रमसः chandramasah. Ac. चन्द्रमसं chandramasam,

chandramasau,

chandramasah.

I. चन्द्रमसा chandramasā, चन्द्रमोभ्यां chandramobhyām, चन्द्रमोभि: chandramobhih.

The other cases are like the neuter below, excepting the voc. dual and plur. (r. 50.).

69. Neuter Crudes in as, declined like ¤Ã¤ (μévos, mens).

Observe, that the masculine noun chandramas is also the model

for the fem. noun apsaras, "a nymph," and for the fem. form of compound adjectives, and that it only differs from the neuter in the nom. and acc. cases.

Nearly all simple substantives in as are neuter; but when these substantives are taken to form a compound adjective, they are declinable also in the masculine and feminine like chandramas. Thus, when manas is taken to form the compound adjective mahāmanas, "magnanimous," it makes in the nom. (masc. and fem.) mahāmanāh, mahāmanasau, mahāmanasah. In the same way is formed durmanas, “evil-minded" (nom. durmanāh, &c.), to which a very remarkable analogy is presented by the Greek dvoμevns, m. and f., making in the neut. duoμevés, derived from μévos. (Prof. Eastwick's transl. of Bopp's Comp. Gram. §. 146.).

† There are a few neuter nouns in is and us, which are declined exactly like manas, substituting i and u for a throughout, and therefore sh for s, and r for o (r. 30. 27.). Thus, Havis, "ghee"; nom. and acc. Havih, Haviṣhī, Havīnshi; ins. Haviṣhā, Havirbhyām, Havirbhih, &c.; and chakshus, "the eye"; nom. and acc. chakshuh, chakshushi, chakshūnṣhi; ins. chakshuṣhā, chakshurbhyām, chakshurbhih, &c. Āshis, f. "a blessing,” makes in the nom. āshīh, āshiṣhau, āshiṣhah; acc. āshiṣham, āshiṣhau, ashishah, &c. Similarly, dos, m. "the arm"; but this last is in the ins. either dosha or doshna; dat. doshe or doshne, &c. Puns, "a male"; nom. pumān, pumānsau, pumānsah; acc. pumānsam, pumānsau, punsah; ins. punsā pumbhyām, &c.

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Adjectives in the comparative degree, formed by the affix iyas (r. 71.), follow the declension of manas, except in the nom. and acc. Thus, baliyas, more powerful"; nom. baliyān, balīyānsau, baliyānsah; acc. baliyānsam, baliyānsau, baliyasah; ins. balīyasā, balīyobhyām, &c. The voc. sing is baliyan. The fem. form is declined like nadi (r. 49.). The neut. form is declined like manas throughout.

Participles of the 2d preterite (r. 127.), like vividwas (from vid, “to know”) and jagmivas (from gam, "to go") are declined in some of their cases as if they were written vividus, jagmyus; and in others as if written vividwat, jagmivat. Thus, nom. vividwān, -wānsau, -wānsah; acc. vividwānsam, -wānsau, vividuṣhah; ins. vividuṣhā, vividwadbhyām, vividwadbhih. The root vid, “to know," has an irregular pres. part. vidwas, used often as an adjective ("learned"), and declined exactly like vividwas. These participles are declined like nadī in the fem. (r. 49.), and in the

neut. like the masc., except in the nom. and acc., which are vividwah, vividuṣhī, vividwānsi. The advanced student will here observe, that as the 2d preterite of vid, "to know," is used as a present tense, so the participle of the 2d preterite is used as a present participle, the reduplicated syllable only being rejected.

EIGHTH CLASS.-CRUDES IN any Consonant except t, n, s, MASCULINE,

FEMININE, AND NEUTER.

The

70. This class consists principally of roots taken to form the last member of compound words. They are not of very common occurrence, except as ending in t or d (see karmakrit, r. 59.). only difficulty in their declension arises from their combination with those terminations in the scheme at r. 58., which begin with consonants, viz. three cases in the dual, and four in the plural. Whatever change, however, takes place in the nominative, is preserved before these consonantal terminations. Thus, masc. and fem. bhuj, “an eater": nom. bhuk; ins. dual bhugbhyām; ins. plur. bhugbhih; loc. bhukshu. So again sprish, nom. sprik;* and in the other cases, sprigbhyām, sprigbhih, sprikshu. So again rāj,

*

nom. rāṭ (); and the other cases, rāḍbhyām, rāḍbhih, rāṭsu. And lih, "a licker," nom. lit (f); and the other cases, liḍbhyām, lidbhih, litsu. And duh, nom. dhuk; and the other cases, dhugbhyām, dhugbhih, dhukshu. Before the terminations which begin with vowels, the final consonant of the root, whatever it may be, is always preserved. Thus, acc. bhujam, sprisham, rājam, liham, duham, &c.; ins. bhujā, spṛishā, rājā, lihā, duhā, &c. The neuter is as follows: nom., acc., voc. (sing., dual, and plur.), bhuk, bhujī, bhunji; rāţ, rājī, rānji; liṭ, lihī, linhi; dhuk, duhī, dunhi.

†The few simple nouns which fall under this class are declined on a similar principle. But asrij, n. "blood" (nom. asṛik), makes in the ins. asṛijā or asnā; dat. asrije or asne; acc. pl. asṛinji or asāni: ap, f. “water,” is declined in the plural only; thus, apah, apah, adbhih, adbhyah, apām, apsu, upah: div, f." the sky," sing. nom. dyauh; acc. divam or dyām; ins. divă, &c.; dual. divau, dyubhyām, divoh; plur. nom. acc. divah; ins. dyubhih, &c.

* श् sh and h appear to be nearly allied to k, and often pass into k in Greek and Latin words. Thus, from dasha, "ten," deka, "decem"; from "cor." हृदय, kapdia,

SECT. III.-ADJECTIVES.

The declension of substantives involves that of adjectives; and, as already seen, the three examples of substantives, given under each class, serve as the model for the three genders of adjectives falling under the same class. Adjectives, in their simplest form, not derived from substantives, are very rarely found in Sanscrit. Such as do occur belong chiefly to the first and third classes of nouns; as, priya, "dear" (nom. m. f. n. priyah, priyā, priyam,* r. 48. 49. 50.); sādhu, “good” (nom. m. f. n. sādhuh, sādhuh or sādhwī, sādhu, r. 54. 55. 49. 56.).

Adjectives formed from substantives are very numerous, as may be seen by a reference to r. 38. 42. and 43. IV. They belong chiefly to the first, fifth, and sixth classes of nouns. The following examples may be added to those already given; mānuṣha, “human (nom. m. f. n. mānuṣhah, mānuṣhī, mānuṣham, r. 48. 49. 50.); shrimat, 'prosperous" (nom. m. f. n. shrīmān, shrīmatī, shrīmat, r. 62.); balin, strong" (nom. m. f. n. balī, balinī, bali, r. 67.).

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Compound adjectives are most abundant. The following are examples: phalopeta, "possessed-of-fruit "; durbuddhi, "evil-minded"; alpatanu, "small-bodied "; sarvajit, “all-conquering "; sujanman, "well-born"; gatachetas, "bereft-of-sense "; which are thus referrible to their respective classes.

1ST CLASS. 2D CLASS. 3D CLASS.

Nom. m. phalopetah durbuddhih alpatanuh
Nom. f. phalopeta durbuddhih| alpatanuh
Nom. n. phalopetam durbuddhi alpatanu

5TH CLASS. 6TH CLASS. 7TH CLASS.

sarvajit sujanma gatachetah sarvajit sujanma gatachetah sarvajit sujanma gatachetah

71. The degrees of comparison are formed in two ways; 1st, by adding to the crude tara (nom. -tarah, -tarā, -taram, cf. Greek Teρos) for the comparative; and tama (nom. -tamah,

*When it is remembered that final h often becomes s, and that a is equivalent in pronunciation to u, the three genders of this adjective might be written priyus priya, priyum; thus offering a perfect similarity to Latin adjectives in us.

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-tamā, -tamam, cf. Greek TαTоs) for the superlative. Thus, punya, "holy," qua punyatara, more holy," g punyatama, most holy," declined like nouns of the first class (r. 48. 49. 50.). So, also, dhanavat, "wealthy," dhanavattara, "more wealthy," dhanavattama, “most wealthy"; and dhanin, dhanitara, dhanitama (r. 20.†). 2dly, by adding чiyas (nom. -īyān, -īyasī, -īyah, cf. Greek wv) for the comparative, and ishtha (nom. -ishthah -ishṭhā, -ishtham, cf. Greek OTOS) for the superlative. In general, the only change that takes place before these affixes is the rejection of a final vowel, or of an affix. Thus, balin, "strong," becomes bal, making

144 baliyas, “stronger" (see r. 69.†), baliṣhtha "strongest (declined like nouns of the first class); laghu, "light," becomes lagh, making laghiyas, "lighter," laghishtha, "lightest." Observe, however, that these affixes do not often imply comparison, but simply excess: thus, baliyas and balishtha more usually signify very strong.

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† But besides the rejection of the final, the crude often undergoes considerable change, as in Greek; and its place is sometimes supplied by a substitute. Thus, mridu, "soft," becomes mrad, making mradiyas, mradish tha; guru, "heavy," gar, making garīyas (cf. Latin gravius), garishṭha; priya, "dear," pra, making preyas, preshtha; bahu, “many,” bhū, making bhūyas, bhuyiṣhṭha; dirgha, “long," drāgh; dūra, “far," dav; antika, "near," ned; kshudra, “small,” kshod; yuvan, "young," yav; prashasya, “good," shra ;* alpa, “small,” kan; uru (evpús), “large,” var, making varīyas, variṣhtha (FapioTos). See Prof. Eastwick's translation of Bopp's Comp. Gram. §. 298.

SECT. IV.-NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.

72. Cardinals.

eka, 1; fa dwi, 2; fa tri, 3; chatur, 4; which are thus declined.

Eka, "one" (singular only), follows the declension of pronominals: nom. m. ekah; dat. m. ekasmai; nom. f. ekā; dat. f. ekasyai; nom. n. ekam (see sarva, r. 87.).

* Prof. Bopp derives shreyas and shreshtha from shrimat, "fortunate," the affix being rejected.