SECT. II.-DECLENSION OF CRUDES ENDING IN CONSONANTS, OR OF THE LAST FOUR CLASSES OF NOUNS. General Observations. 58. The first four classes of nouns, whose declension has just been considered, comprise nearly all the substantives in the language. If we except substantives ending in man and as, the last four classes of nouns consist almost entirely of adjectives, participles, and roots, taken to form the last member of compound words. There is one general scheme of terminations applicable to all nouns ending in consonants. It is as follows: This scheme applies without exception to the few substantives, and to the masculine of the many adjectives and participles, whose crudes end in consonants. It also applies, with the exception of the nom. and acc. cases, to the neuter of these same adjectives and participles; but their feminine generally follows the declension of nadi (r. 49.). The nominative singular admits of so much variation, that no one termination is general enough to be inserted in the scheme. Many of the terminations will be already familiar to the learner, especially those of the dual and plural. Indeed, certain terminations prevail, with various modifications, in all Sanscrit nouns and this prevalence of certain sounds, as characteristic of certain cases, has led native grammarians into the error of constructing a technical scheme of terminations, which they apply universally in the declension of every noun in the language. This technical scheme does, in point of fact, correspond with the scheme we have given above, as applicable to the last four classes; but when, on comparing this with the scheme belonging to the first class (r. 47.), it is seen how very great is the dissimilarity between the two; and when it is remembered that the first class embraces a much larger number of nouns than all the other seven classes combined, there seems but little reason for any such process of generalization. For surely if any general scheme is given at all, it should be that which is most universally applicable; and if any system of adaptation is to be adopted, it should consist in an adaptation of the smaller number to the larger, rather than the larger to the smaller; or we are led into endless alteration and substitution, and very unnecessary perplexity and confusion. There are two or three useful words in the language ending in ai, o, and au, which conform to the scheme of nouns ending in consonants. Thus, rai, m. "wealth." N. rāh, rāyau, rāyah; A. rāyam, rāyau, rāyah; I. rāyā, rābhyām, rābhih, &c. (cf. rebus). Go, m. f. "an ox or cow." N. gauh, gāvau, gāvah; ac. gām, gāvau, gāh; ins. gavā, gobhyām, gobhih, &c. And nau, f. "a ship." N. nauh, nāvau, nāvah; acc. nāvam, nāvau, nāvan; ins. nāvā, &c. (Cf. vaûs, navis). FIFTH CLASS. -CRUDES IN t AND d, MASCULINE, FEMININE, AND NEUTER. Declined like karmmakṛit, m. 66 f. n. a doer of work"; धर्म्मविद् dharmmarid, m. f. n. ́one who knows his duty"; dhanavat, m. f. n. “wealthy.” 59. Masculine and Feminine form of Crudes in t and d, declined like कर्म्मकृत् and धर्म्मविद् N. कर्म्मकृत् karmakerit, * कर्म्मकृतौ karmakcritau, कर्म्मकृतः karmakeritah. Ac. कर्म्मकृतं karmakeritam, I. कर्म्मकृता karmakeritā, कर्म्मकृह्मां karmaleridbhyām, कर्म्मकृद्भि: karmakridbhih. * Although has the effect of doubling the letter immediately under it in the Sanscrit character (r. 33.), it is unnecessary always to double the letter in the Roman type. Strictly, however, this word should be written karmmakṛit. N. धर्म्मविद dharmavid, धर्म्मविदौ dharmavidau, धर्म्मविद: dharmavidah. Ac. fa dharmavidam, &c. Loc. plur. Яfary dharmavitsu, by r. 14. The neuter form of nouns like karmakrit and dharmavid is, in the nom. and acc. कर्म्मकृत् कर्म्मकृती, कर्मकृन्ति, धम्र्म्मविद् धर्म्मविदी, yifafe. In the other cases it resembles the masc. and fem. 66 60. All substantives like marut, m. "wind," 66 z sampad, f. success," and kumud, n. a lotus," follow the declension of karmakrit and dharmavid: thus, nom. marut, marutau, marutah ; sampad, sampadau, sampadah; kumud, kumudi, kumundi, &c. 61. The masculine form of crudes formed with the affixes vat and mat, is declined like धनवत् . N. धनवान् dhanavān, Ac. धनवन्तं dhanavantam, धनवन्तौ dhanavantau, धनवन्त: dhanavantah. धनवतः: dhanavatah. Voc. धनवन् dhanavan, The other cases are like karmakrit; as, ins. Y dhanavatā, &c. The feminine form of nouns like dhanavat is declined like nadī: thus, nom. dhanavati, dhanavatyau, dhanavatyah, &c. (see r. 49.). The neuter form is, in the nom. and ac., dhanavat, dhanavati, dhanavanti; and in the other cases like the masculine. 62. So, also, all adjectives like dhāmat, “wise," and all active past participles like kritavat, “he did" (r. 127,): thus, nom. masc. dhīmān, &c., kritavān, &c.; acc. dhimantam, &c., kritavantam, &c.; voc. dhiman, &c. So, also, the nom. fem. dhīmatī, &c., kritavati, &c.; and nom. neut. dhimat, &c., kritavat, &c. 63. After dhanavat may also be declined present participles like pachat, “cooking" (r. 123.), except in the nom. sing., which is pachan instead of pachān. Many of these participles also differ from dhanavat, by inserting a nasal throughout all the cases of the feminine. Thus, nom. pachante, pachantyau, pachantyah; acc. pachantīm, pachantyau, pachantih; ins. pachantyā, &c. The adjective mahat, “great," is declined like dhanavat, but makes the penultimate long before the nasal; thus, nom. mahān, mahāntau, mahāntah; acc. mahāntam, mahāntau, mahatah : nom. fem. mahati, &c. nom. neut. mahat, mahatī, mahānti. SIXTH CLASS.-CRUDES IN an AND in, MASCULINE, FEMININE, AND NEUTER. Declined like आत्मन् ātman, m. “soul”; राजन् rājan, m. n. “a deed”; ATHA nāman, n. “a name”; and ufa 66 a king"; केन् karman, dhanin, m. f. n. “ rich.” 64. Masculine and Feminine form of Crudes in an, declined like आत्मन् and राजन् . (Cf. rex, regis). 65. Observe, that it is necessary to give two examples of nouns in an, because if an be preceded by m or v, and this m or v be conjunct with a preceding consonant, the noun is then declined like atman. Hence, adhwan, m. "a road," and अध्वन 66 drish wan, m. a looker," make in the ins. adhwanā, drishwanā. But if this m or v be not conjunct, then the noun follows rājan; as, laghiman, m. “lightness"; ins. laghimnā. And if an be preceded by any other consonant than m or v, even although it be conjunct, * As remarked in p. 3., this word is usually pronounced rāgyah; but, for the better illustration of the present subject, is represented by jn throughout the declension of this noun. † Or rājani. G the noun then also follows rājan; as, a mūrddhan, m. “the head"; ins. a mūrddhnā. There are no simple feminine nouns in an ; but when masculine nouns are taken to form the last member of a compound adjective they take a feminine and neuter form; as in mahātman, “magnaThe feminine form, however, is declined precisely like the masculine, and the neuter follows the declension of karman below. nimous.' Ins. Sa karmaṇā The other cases like the masc.; as, gen. plur. karmanām, nāmnām; loc. karmasu, nāmasu. ATAT nāmnā. So also the neuter nouns, janman, veshman, ashman, varman, vartman, charman, chhadman, follow the declension of karman; but dāman, sāman, dhāman, vyoman, roman, preman, that of nāman. When neuters in an compose the last member of compound adjectives, they may take the masc. or fem. form.t † Anomalies in an, m. (cf. kvwv), “a dog." Nom., ì, act; acc. i,, :. In all these anomalies the acc. c. plur. is generally the श्वानं, श्वानौ, clue to the form assumed by the noun before the terminations beginning with vowels. Thus, instr. is, i, &c. So again, y, m. f. n. (cf. juvenis) "young"; nom. yuvā, yuvānau, yuvānah; acc. yuvānam, yuvānau, yūnah; inst. yūnā, yuvabhyām, &c. AH, “a Brahmicide"; nom. -, -, -zu:; acc. -zú, -, -; instr. &c. ब्रह्महन्, , n. “a day”; nom. and acc. E:, us, or अहनी, अहानि; instr. अह्ना, अहोभ्यां अहोभिः ; dat. अहे &c. * When rājan is taken to form a compound of this kind, it is declined like deva (r. 48.); as, nom. mahārājah; acc. mahārājam, &c. † As in the sentence, Vedagarbhanama Brāhmana āsīt, “There was a Brahmin named Vedagarbha." |