vii. ya, forming, 1st (nom. -yam), neuter abstract substantives and a few collectives, the first syllable of the noun taking Vriddhi: as, from suhrid, "a friend,” sauhṛidya, “friendship." When the crude ends in a vowel, this vowel is rejected before ya is affixed: as, from vichitra, “various,” vaichitrya, "variety."

Forming, 2dly (nom. -ya, -yā, -yam), adjectives expressing some relationship to the noun: as, from dhana, "wealth," dhanya, "wealthy." Sometimes Vriddhi takes place: as, from soma, "the moon," saumya, "lunar." In this case the fem. is -yī. VIII. a (nom. -ah, -ī, -am), after Vriddhi of the first syllable of the noun, forming innumerable adjectives expressing some relationship to the noun. When the crude ends in a, no further affix is required, and the only change is the Vriddhi of the first syllable: as, from purusha, "a man," paurusha, "manly." When in ā or i, this ā or i must be rejected: as, from sikatā, “sand,” saikata, “sandy.” When in u, this u is changed to av before this and the three following affixes: as, from Vishnu, "the god Vishnu," Vaishnava, "a worshipper of Vishnu."

Sometimes the neuter form of this adjective is taken as an abstract substantive : as, nominative case, pauruṣhum, " manliness"; or, as a collective: as, kshaitram, "fields," collectively, from kshetra. This applies to the two next affixes.

Ix. ika (nom. -ikah, -ikī, -ikam), after Vriddhi of the first syllable of the noun, forming numerous adjectives. Before this affix is added, the final vowel of the crude must be rejected: as, from dharma, "religion," dharmika, "religious."

x. eya (nom. -eyah, -eyī, -eyam), after Vriddhi of the first syllable of the noun, forming many adjectives. The final vowel of the crude must be rejected: as, from purusha, "a man," paurusheya, "manly"; from agni, "fire," agneya, "fiery."

XI. iya (nom. -īyah, -īyā, -īyam), without any change of the noun, except the rejection of final a: as, from parvata, “a mountain,” parvatiya, "mountainous." Sometimes there is Vriddhi: as, from sukha, "pleasure," saukhiya, "pleasurable." When the final of the crude remains, k is prefixed to the last two affixes.

XII. There are other uncommon affixes to nouns forming adjectives in a (nom. -ah, -a, -am): as, ina, vala, tana; forming, from grāma, "a village," grāmīna, "rustic"; from shikhā, “a crest," shikhāvala, "crested"; from shwas, "to-morrow," shwastana, “future." This last corresponds to the Latin tinus, and has reference to time. Ka is sometimes added to words to form adjectives and collective nouns, and is often redundant. Maya (nom. -mayah, -mayi, -mayam) is a common affix added to any word to denote made of: as, from loha, “iron," lohamaya, “made of iron"; from tejas, “light,” tejomaya, " consisting of light," "full of light."

By adding to ROOTS,

XIII. ā (nom. -ā), with no change of the root, forming feminine substantives: as,

from jiv, "to live," jīva, "life." This affix is frequently added to the desiderative form of a root: as, from pipās, "to desire to drink," pipāsā, "thirst"; and rarely to the intensive: as, from loluy, " to cut much," lolūyā, “cutting much.”

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By adding to NOUNS,

xiv. tā (nom. -tā), forming feminine abstract substantives: as, from purusha, a man,” puruṣhatā, “manliness." This affix may be added to any noun in the language, and corresponds to the Latin tas in celeritas, &c.

xv. i (nom. -î), forming a large class of feminine substantives, usually derived from masculines in a, by changing a to : as, from nada, “a river,” fem. nadī; from putra, a son,” fem. putrī; from nartaka, a dancer," fem. nartaki.

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39. SECOND CLASS.-Crudes in i, Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter.

Formed by adding to Roots,

1. i, forming, 1st (nom. -ih), a few masculine substantives, often not connected with their roots either in form or sense: as, from ank, “to mark", agni, "fire." When this affix is added to the root dhu, a is dropped, and various prepositions are prefixed; as sandhi, vidhi, nidhi.

Forming, 2dly (nom. -i), one or two neuter substantives: as, from vṛi, “to surround"; vāri, "water."

Forming, 3dly (nom. -ih, -ih, -i), a few adjectives: as, from shuch, "to be pure”; shuchi, "pure."

II. ti (nom. -tih), forming an useful class of abstract substantives feminine. This affix bears a great analogy to the passive participle (r. 125.). The same changes of the root are required before it as before this participle; and, in fact, provided the passive participle does not insert i, this substantive may always be formed from it, by changing ta into ti. But if i is inserted before ta, no such substantive can be formed. Thus, from vach, "to speak," ukta, "spoken," ukti, 'speech"; from man, “to imagine,” mata, "imagined,” mati, “the mind." And where na is substituted for ta of the passive participle, ni is substituted for ti; as, from glai, "to be weary," glāna, "wearied," glāni, “weariness." This affix corresponds to the tio of the Latin, added, in the same way, to passive participles: as actus, actio.

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40. THIRD CLASS. - Crudes in u, Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter.

Formed by adding to ROOTS,

1. u, forming, 1st (nom. -uh), often with considerable change of the root, a few

substantives of the masculine, and one or two of the feminine gender: as, from

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a cow."

bha, "to shine,” bhānu, m. the sun"; from dhe, "to drink," dhenu, f. " Forming, 2dly (nom. -u), one or two neuter substantives: as, madhu, “honey.” Forming, 3dly (nom. -uh-uh or -vi-u), a few adjectives: as, from tan, "to stretch," tanu, "thin" (fem. tanuh or tanwi). This affix is often added to desiderative roots to form adjectives: as, from pipās, "to desire to drink," pipāsu, “thirsty.”

II. ishnu (nom. -ishnuh, -ishnuh, -ishnu), with Guna of the root, forming adjectives: as, from kshi, “to perish,” kshayishnu, “perishing."

III. There are many other affixes to roots, forming nouns in u (nom. -uh, -uh, -u): as, ru, nu, ālu, snu, āru, itnu, tu. The following adjectives afford examples of these affixes: bhīru, trasnu, shayālu, sthāsnu, sharāru, gadayitnu; and the substantive gantu.

41. FOURTH CLASS.-Crudes in tri (7), Masculine, Feminine, and

Neuter.

Formed by adding to ROOTS,

tri, forming 1st (nom. -tā, -trī, -tri), nouns of agency of three genders, the same change of the root being required which takes place in the first future (r. 131. 2.). Thus, from kship, "to throw," ksheptri, "a thrower; from da, "to give," dātri,

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a giver." This corresponds to the Latin affix tor.

Forming 2dly (nom. -tā), a few nouns of relationship, masculine and feminine : as, pitri, 'a father,” mātri, a mother."

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42. FIFTH CLASS.-Crudes in t and d, Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter.

Formed by adding to ROOTS,

t (nom. -t, in all genders), if the root end in a short vowel: forming nouns of agency of three genders: as, from kṛi, “to do," kṛit, "a doer"; from ji, “to conquer," jit, a conqueror." This class of nouns are never used, except as the last member of a compound: thus, karmakṛit, “a doer of work." Roots already ending in tor d, taken to form nouns of agency, fall under this class: as, from vid, "to know," dharmavid, “one who knows his duty." There are also a few nouns falling under this class, formed by prefixing prepositions to roots ending in t ord: as, from dyut, "to shine,” vidyut, “lightning"; from pad," to go,” sampad, “success.

E

By adding to NOUNS,

1. vat (nom. -vān, -vatī, -vat), if the crude end in a or a,* forming innumerable adjectives: as, from dhana, “wealth," dhanavat, "possessed of wealth." This and the next affix are universally applicable, and are of the utmost utility to form adjectives of possession. Sometimes vat is added to crudes in s and t: as in tejaswat, vidyutwat (violating r. 26. 29. and 14.).

II. mat (nom.-mān, -matī, -mat), if the crude end in i, ī, or u, to form adjectives like the preceding: as, from dhi, "wisdom," dhimat, "wise"; from anshu, 66 a ray," anshumat, "radiant.”

43. SIXTH CLASS.-Crudes in an and in, Masculine, Feminine, and

Neuter.

Formed by adding to ROOTS,

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1. man (nom. -ma), after Guna of the root, forming substantives of the neuter gender: as, from kṛi, "to do"; karman, a deed." This affix corresponds to the Latin men, in regimen, stamen, &c. One or two nouns in man are masculine: as, atman, "soul" (nom. -mā); and a few masculine nouns are formed with an instead of man: as, rājan, “a king” (nom. -jā), from rāj, “to shine." A few adjectives are formed with van: as, drishwan, “seeing" (nom. -vā, -vā, -va).

By adding to NOUNS,

II. iman (nom. -imā), forming masculine abstract substantives. If the noun ends in a or u, these vowels are rejected: as, from kūla, “black,” kūliman, “blackness"; from laghu, "light," laghiman, "lightness"; from mṛidu, “soft,” mradiman.† If it end in a consonant, this consonant, with its preceding vowel, is rejected: as, from mahat, "great," mahiman, "greatness."

By adding to ROOTS,

111. in (nom. -i, -inī, -i), after Vriddhi of a final vowel and medial a, and Guna of

* Vat is not often found added to feminine crude forms. It occurs, however, occasionally ; as, कान्तावत्, “having a wife,” शिखावत्, “crested.”

† A medial ri before a simple consonant is changed to ra, but not before a double "blackness." This affix, iman, is

consonant: as, from “ black,” कृष्णिमन्, कृष्ण, generally added to adjectives, and the same changes take place before it, that take place before the affixes iyas and ishtha (see r. 71. †). Thus, gariman, preman, draghiman, bhūman, &c.

any other medial vowel, forming nouns of agency of three genders (r. 131. 3.): as, from kri, "to do,” kārin, “a doer."

By adding to NOUNS,

Iv. in (nom. -i, -inī, -i), forming innumerable adjectives of possession. The final of a crude is rejected before this affix: as, from dhana, "wealth," dhanin," wealthy"; from mālā, "a garland," mālin, "garlanded"; from vrihi, "rice," vrihin, "having rice."

v. vin (nom. -vī, -vinī, -vi), if the crude end in a or as, forming a few adjectives: as, from medhā, "intellect," medhāvin, “intellectual"; from tejas, "splendour," tejaswin, "splendid." This last example violates r. 26. and 29.

44. SEVENTH CLASS.-Crudes in as, Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. Formed by adding to ROOTS,

as (nom. -ah), after Guna, forming neuter substantives: as, from man, "to think," manas, "the mind"; from sṛi, "to go," saras, water." But in vedhas, "Brahmā,"

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and chandramas, "the moon," masc., and apsaras,

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a nymph," fem., the nominative

is -āh. In place of as, the neuter affixes is or us are occasionally added: as, from hu, “to offer,” havis, "ghee"; from chaksh, “to speak," chakshus, “the eye."

45. EIGHTH CLASS.-Crudes in any Consonant, except t, d, n, s, Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter.

Formed by using ROOTS as nouns of agency.

Any root may be used to form a noun of agency, provided it be compounded with another word. Thus, from shak, "to be able," sarvashak, "omnipotent." Those roots which end in t or d, or in a short vowel, having t affixed, have been already noticed as falling under the fifth class. This eighth class is intended to comprise all other roots, ending in any consonant: as, bhuj (nom. bhuk); rāj (nom.

); prächchh (nom.); budh (nom, bhut); pur (nom. pūh); gir (nom. gìh); div (nom. dyauh); spṛish (nom. spṛik); vish (nom. viṭ); twish (nom. fra?); lih (nom. f); duh (nom. dhuk); pipaksh (nom. pipuk). There are also one or two other nouns derived from roots falling under this class: as, “thirsty” (nom. तृष्णक्); ऋत्विज्, “ a priest” (nom. ऋत्विक्); वाच् f. “ speech ” (nom. वाक्); असृज्, n. blood” (nom. असृक्).

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