"for the eating";, "for the fighting"; and in Latin the infinitive could not be used at all, but either the supine, devoratum, pugnatum, or still more properly, the conjunction with the subjunctive mood, "ut devoret," "ut pugnarent." The following are other examples in which the infinitive has a dative force in expressing the purpose of the action: पानीयं पातुं नदीम् अगमत्, "he went to the river to drink water "; मम बन्धनं छेत्रुम् उपसर्पति, "he comes to cut asunder my bonds "; ai ang and: (afa being understood), "he is able to rescue me"; fi auta, "he बभूव, busied himself about collecting together the snares. 99 a. The Sanscrit infinitive, therefore, rather deserves the name of a supine than an infinitive, and in its character of supine is susceptible of either an active or passive signification. In its passive character, however, like the Latin supine in u, it is joined with certain words only, the most usual being the passive verb शक्, "to be able," and its derivatives; thus, ved, “ the snare_cannot be cut"; न शक्याः समाधातुं ते दोषाः, “ those evils cannot be remedied." The following are other instances : मण्डपः कारयितुम् आरब्ध:, “ the shed was begun to be built "; राज्ये अभिषेकुं भवान् निरूपितः, “ your honour has been selected to be inaugurated to the kingdom"; diya, 5. 112.); 66 fa, “it deserves to be done" (Naishagf, “improper to be done" (cf. factu indignum and ποιεῖν αἰσχρόν). b. The root, “to deserve," when used in combination with an infinitive, is usually equivalent to an entreaty or respectful imperative; as, वक्तुम् fa, “deign (or simply 'be pleased') to tell us our duties." It sometimes has the force of the Latin debet; as, न मादृशी त्वाम् अभिभाष्टुम् अर्हति, “such a person as I ought not to address you"; न एनं शोचितुम् अर्हसि, "you ought not to bewail him." c. The infinitive is sometimes joined with the noun, “desire,” to form a kind of compound adjective, expressive of the "wish to do any thing," and the final m of the infinitive is then rejected; thus, :, -, -, “desirous of seeing"; :, -, -, “wishing to conquer." जेतुकामः, USE AND CONNEXION OF THE TENSES. 201. PRESENT TENSE. This tense, besides its proper use, is frequently used for the future; as,, "whither shall I go?" if, “when shall I see thee ?” a. In narration it is commonly used for the past tense; as, स भूमिं स्पृष्ट्वा कणौ स्पृशति ब्रूते च, “he, having touched the ground, touches his ears and says." b. It may denote habitual or repeated action; as, मृगः प्रत्यहं तत्र गत्वा शस्यं aifa, “the deer going there every day was in the habit of eating the corn"; यदा स मूषिकशब्दं शृणोति तदा विडालं संवर्द्धयति, “ whenever he heard the noise of the mouse then he would feed the cat." e. It is usually found after यावत् ; as, यावन् मे दन्ता न त्रुट्यन्ति तावत् तव पाशं fafa, "as long as my teeth do not break, so long will I gnaw asunder your fetters." (Cf. the use of dum). d. The present tense of the root, “to sit," "remain," is used with the present participle of another verb to denote continuous or simultaneous action; as, पशूनां बधं कुर्व्वन् आस्ते, “he keeps making a slaughter of the beasts"; मम पश्चाद् आगच्छन् ,"he is in the act of coming after me." e. The particle, when used with the present, gives it the force of a perfect; as, ufagifa zʼn gû, "they entered the city.” 202. FIRST PRETERITE.—Although this tense properly has reference to past incomplete action, and has been so rendered in the examples given at pp. 101-128., yet the student must guard against supposing that this is its usual force. It is most commonly used to denote indefinite past time, without any necessary connexion with another action; as, अर्थं महीतुं यत्नम् अकरखं, “ I made an effort to collect wealth," not necessarily, "I was making." 66 203. POTENTIAL.-The name of this tense is no guide to its numerous uses. Perhaps its most common force is that of fitness in phrases, where in Latin we should expect to find oportet with the infinitive; as, आगतं भयं वीक्ष्य नरः कुर्य्याद् यथोचितं, “having beheld danger actually present, a man should act in a becoming manner." a. It is also employed, as might be expected, in indefinite general expressions; as, यस्य यो भावः स्यात्, “ whatever may be the disposition of any one"; यदा राजा स्वयं न कुर्य्यात् कार्य्यदर्शनं, “ when the king may not himself make investigation of the case"; अप्राप्तकालवचनं ब्रुवन् प्राप्नुयाद् अपमानं, “ by uttering unseasonable words one may meet with dishonour." 66 b. Especially in conditional sentences ; as, यदि राजा दण्डं न प्रणयेत् स्वाम्यं कस्मिंश्चिन् न स्यात् सर्व्व. सेतवश्च भिद्येरन्, “ if the king were not to inflict punishment, ownership would remain with nobody, and all barriers would be broken down." Sometimes the conjunction is omitted; as, “should it not be so”; a zud quvia:, “were he not subject to another.” :, "do c. The potential often occurs as a softened imperative, this language, in common with others in the East, being averse to the more abrupt form; thus, thou go,” for गच्छ ; and अद्यात् फलानि, “let him eat fruits,” for अन्तु. 204. IMPERATIVE. This tense yields the usual force of command" or "entreaty"; as, faf, "take courage"; AT, and not must be used in prohibition; The first person is 66 remember me. used to express necessity, see example, r. 172. a. It is sometimes employed in conditional phrases to express contingency; as, agandife ai nef, "permit me (and) I will go," i.e. "if you will permit me, I will go "; 144 f, "if you command me I will kill the villain"; अभयवाचं मे यच्छ गच्छामि, “ if you give me a promise of security I will go.” 205. SECOND PRETERITE.—As observed at p. 57., this tense is properly used to express an action done at some definite period of past time; as, कौशल्यादयो नृपतिं दशरथं चक्रन्दुः, “ Kaushalyā and the others bewailed king Dasharatha.' It is frequently, however, employed indeterminately. 66 206. FIRST FUTURE. This tense expresses definite futurity; as, तासु दिक्षु कामस्य फलं लब्धासि, “ in those regions thou shalt obtain the fruit of thy desire"; but is rarely found. 207. SECOND FUTURE.―This tense, although properly indefinite, is employed to express all degrees and kinds of futurity, immediate or remote, definite or indefinite; as, fa, “thou shalt drink sweet water "; तत्र अवश्यं पत्नी द्रक्ष्यति, “ there certainly he will see his wife." 66 a. It is sometimes used for the imperative; as, ag grafa, "whatever is to be given that you will give" (do thou give). 208. THIRD PRETERITE. This tense properly expresses time “there lived (in former times) a indefinitely past; as, king." It is not, however, often used as a past tense by earlier writers, but is frequently employed to supply the place of the imperative, after the prohibitive particle or , the augment being omitted ; as, मा कृथाः, “ do not make "; मा त्याक्षीः समयं “ do not lose the opportunity"; :, "do not tell an un 66 "do not be angry ";:, truth"; :, मा शुचः, 66 "do not grieve"; # 209. BENEDICTIVE.—Only one example of this tense occurs in the Hitopadesha : नित्यं भूयात् सकल सुखवसति:, “ may he constantly be the abode of all happiness." It is only used in pronouncing benedictions. 210. CONDITIONAL. This tense is even less frequent than the last. It is used in conditional propositions, as illustrated by the following example from Manu : यदि राजा दण्डं न प्रणयेत् तदा शूले मत्स्यान् इव अपक्ष्यन् दुर्बलान् बलवत्तराः, “ if the king were not to inflict punish ment, then the stronger would roast the weak like fish on a spit"; or, according to the Scholiast, ff, "would cause अकरिष्यन्, injury." SYNTAX OF PARTICIPLES. 66 211. Participles govern the cases of the verbs whence they are derived ; as, व्याधं पश्यन्, “seeing the fowler "; सरण्ये चरन्, “ walking in the forest"; शब्दम् आकर्ण्य, “ having heard a noise "; पानीयम् अपीत्वा "he went away without drinking water." Passive Past Participle. 212. The syntax of this most useful participle has been explained at p. 137. r. 125. and r. 199. When used actively it may often govern the accusative case; as, quot;, he ascended the tree "; वर्त्म तीर्ण:, “having crossed the road "; अहं नगरीम् अनुप्राप्त:, "I reached the city." But its active use is restricted to neuter verbs. The following are other examples ; पक्षिण उत्पतिताः, the birds flew away "; व्याधो निवृत्तः, “ the fowler returned "; स प्रसुप्तः, "he fell asleep." 66 Active Past Participle. 66 213. This participle is commonly used for a perfect tense active, and may govern the case of the verb; as, सर्व्वं श्रुतवान्, “he heard everything"; mì afng wifofgnant, "the wife embraced her husपत्नी पतिम् आलिङ्गितवती, band "; राज्ञो हस्ते फलं दत्तवान्, " he gave the fruit into the hand of the king." Indeclinable Past Participles. 214. The importance of these participles has been noticed, p. 143. They occur, in narration, more commonly than any other, and are almost invariably used for the past tense, as united with a copulative conjunction ; thus, तद् आकर्ण्य निश्चितम् एव अयं कुकुर इति मत्वा गे DD त्यक्ता स्नात्वा स्वगृहं ययौ, “having heard this, having thought to himself 'this is certainly a dog,' having abandoned the goat, having bathed, he went to his own house." In all these cases we should use in English the past tense with a conjunction; thus, "When he had heard this, he thought to himself that it must certainly be a dog. He then abandoned the goat, and when he had bathed, went to his own house." It is evident from this example that the indeclinable participles often stand in the place of a pluperfect tense, a tense which does not really exist in Sanscrit. a. But although they always refer to something past, it should be observed that they may frequently be rendered in English by the present participle, as in the fifth sentence of the story at r. 220. * b. Another though less frequent use of them is as gerunds in do; thus, : शास्त्राण्य् अधीत्य भवन्ति पण्डिताः, “men become wise by reading the Shāstras"; भार्य्या अप्य् अकार्य्य.शतं कृत्वा भर्त्तव्या, “ a wife is to be supported even by doing & hundred wrong things"; किं पौरुषं हत्वा सुप्तं, “ what bravery is there in killing a sleeping man?" a c. Prof. Bopp considers the termination of this participle () to be the instrumental case of the same affix of which the infinitive termination (um) is the accusative. Whether this be so or not, there can be little doubt that the indeclinable participle bears about it much of the character of an instrumental case. And the proof of this is, that it is constantly found in grammatical connexion with the agent in this case; thus, सर्वैः पशुभिर् मिलित्वा सिंहो विज्ञप्त:, “by all the beasts having met together the lion was informed”; सर्वैर् जालम् आदाय उड्डीयतां, “ by all having taken up the net let it be flown away." 99 Future Passive Participles. 215. The usual sense yielded by this participle is that of "fitness or "necessity"; and the usual construction required is, that the agent on whom the duty or necessity rests, be in the instrumental case, and the participle agree with the object; as, प्रवृत्तिर् न विधेया, " by you the attempt is not to be made." times, however, the agent is the genitive case. Cf. p. 196. note. 66 Some * As the Latin gerund is connected with the future participle in dus, so the Sanscrit indeclinable participle in ya is connected with the future passive participle in ya. This is noticed by Bopp. |