Dative Case. 176. This case is of very limited applicability, and its functions, irrespectively of the influence of verbs, are restricted to the expression of the object, motive, or cause for which any thing is done, or the result to which any act tends; as, wmfage, "for self-aggrandizement"; "for the counteraction of calamity"; & a meď ◄ ufa, "arms and books (lead) to शस्त्रं च शास्त्रं चं प्रतिपत्तये, renown." When, as in the last example, the result or end to which any thing leads is denoted by this case, the verb is seldom expressed, but appears to be involved in the case itself. following are other examples, यत्र आस्ते विषसंसर्गो - मृतं तदपि मृत्यवे, "where there is admixture of poison, then even nectar (leads) to death "; उपदेशो मूर्खीणां प्रकोपाय न शान्तये, “ advice to fools (leads) to irritation, not to conciliation ; स वृपतिस् तस्याः सन्तोषाय न अभवत्, "that old husband was not to her liking." 66 The a. It will be seen hereafter that certain verbs of "giving" and "relating," govern the dative. Substantives derived from such verbs exercise a similar influence; as, अन्यस्मै दानं, “the giving to another'; अन्यस्मै कथनं, “ the telling to another.” b. Words expressive of salutation or reverence are joined with the dative; as, गणेशाय नमः, reverence to Ganesha”; à, “health to thee.” 66 Ablative Case. 177. The proper force of the ablative case is expressed by "from"; as, tem (m: wafa), "from avarice anger arises "; गिरे: पतनं, “ falling from a mountain "; चाराणां मुखात्, “ from the mouth of the spies." 66 a. Hence this case passes to the expression of various correlative ideas; as, eretun fafen, “a portion of (from) their food "; and like the instrumental it very commonly signifies "by reason of," "in consequence of "; as, magi, "on account of of"; magurui the slaughter of cows and men ": अनवसर प्रवेशात् (पुत्रं निन्दति ), “ he blames his son for entering inopportunely";, “through fear of punishment"; worgen, "by reason of my good fortune." b. "According to"; as, fan, "according to the advice of the minister." Abstract nouns in are often found in this case to express some of these ideas ; as, अनवस्थित चित्तत्वात्, " by reason of the unsteadiness of his mind." Especially in the writings of commentators; as, “according to what I will be said hereafter." 66 c. It also expresses "through the means" or "instrumentality of"; as, qy, “caught in the toils through the instrumentality of the jackall"; न औषधपरिज्ञानाद (व्याघेः शान्तिर् भवेत् ), “ the alleviation of disease is not effected by the mere knowledge of the medicine." ". "with diligence"; d. The "manner" in which any thing is done, is occasionally expressed by the ablative; as, "forcibly"; "with wonder"; He, "tearing up by the roots"; or by the ablative affix ; as, a:, "at one's own pleasure” (cf. p. 152. a.). e. This case also denotes “after”; as, fan, “after separation from the body'; मुख्य प्रतिबन्धनात्, “after the imprisonment of the Chief"; तस्य आगमनात्, "since his arrival." f. In reference to time, "within"; as, fa, “within three fortnights." g. Nouns expressive of fear are joined with the ablative of the thing feared; as, मृत्योर् भयं, “ fear of death"; चौरतो भयं, “fear of robbers.” 66 Genitive Case. 178. This and the locative case are of the most extensive application, and are often employed, in a vague and indeterminate manner, to express relations properly belonging to the other cases. The true force of the genitive is equivalent to "of," and this case appears most frequently when two substantives are to be connected, so as to present one idea; as, f, "the speech of a friend "; भर्त्ता नाय्याः परमं भूषणं, “ the best ornament of a woman is her husband "; न नरस्य नरो दासो दासस् तु अर्थस्य, “ man is not the slave of man, but the slave of wealth." 66 66 a. Possession is frequently expressed by the genitive case alone, without a verb; as, सब्र्व्वीः सम्पत्तयस् तस्य सन्तुष्टं यस्य मानसं, “ all riches belong to him who has a contented mind "; धन्योऽहं यस्य ईदृशी भाय्या, "happy am I in possessing such a wife." b. It often, however, has the force of "to," and is very generally used to supply the place of the dative ; as, प्राणा आत्मनो भीष्टाः, 66 one's own life is dear to one's self "; न योजनशतं दूरं वाह्यमानस्य तृष्णया, "a hundred yojanas is not far to one borne away by thirst (of gain)"; किं प्रज्ञावताम् अविदितं, “ what is unknown to the wise " ? किम् vera nangafn :, "what does a lamp show to a blind man"? किं मया अपकृतं राज्ञः, “ what offence have I committed towards the king"? faq vend zij anů, "what can this man do to us?" c. And not unfrequently of "in" or "on"; as, tui favA:, स्त्रीणां विश्वासः, confidence in women";, "dependence on me." 66 d. It is even equivalent occasionally to "from" or "by," as usually expressed by the ablative or instrumental; as, न कस्यापि ( उपायनं गृह्णीयात्), “one ought not to accept a present from any one"; (ii), “the wood is to be abandoned by us”; स धन्यो यस्य अर्थिनो न प्रयान्ति विमुखाः, “he is blessed from whom suppliants do not depart in disappointment." e. Difference between two things is expressed by this case; as, i, “there is great difference between the master and the servant." Cf. p. 182. g. cases. Locative Case. 179. The locative, like the genitive, expresses the most diversified relations, and frequently usurps the functions of the other Properly, it has the force of “in," "on," or "at," as expressive of many collateral and analogous ideas; thus, , "in the night";, “in the village"; "confidence in you"; प्रथमबुभुक्षायां, “ at the first desire tree planted in the earth." 46 è, "on the back"; af far, qf, "rain on desert ground"; of eating ; पृथिव्यां रोपितो वृषः, a 66 "towards"; as, aai gât a faà a. Hence it passes into the sense ,"leniency towards an enemy as well as a friend"; any 41, compassion towards all creatures"; af:, “upright towards friends"; सुकृत शतम् असत्सु नष्टं, “a hundred good offices are thrown away upon the wicked.” b. Words signifying "cause," "motive,” or “need," are joined with the locative; as, सत्रपत्वे हेतु:, “the cause of his modesty"; भूपालयोर् विमहे भवचनं निदानं, "your speech was the cause of the war between the two princes";a: anirà acui ft, "the absence of a suitor is the cause of a woman's chastity"; Ħanui få yula, "what need of a boat." Also, words signifying employment or occupation; as, à ufa:, “engaging in the acquisition of wealth." Words derived from the root yuj usually require the locative ; as, मम राज्यरक्षायाम् उपयोग:, 34, "I am of service in preserving the kingdom." c. This case may yield other senses equivalent to "by reason of," "for," &c.; as, मे छिद्रेषु, “through my faults"; चारः परराष्ट्राणाम् अवलोकने, “a spy is for the BB sake of examining the territory of one's enemies"; 66 as, "this is the time for battle”; तस्याम् अनुरागः, “ affection for her"; उपदेशे अनादरः, “disregard for advice"; "what anxiety about dying in battle?" d. It is also used in giving the meaning of a root; as, Juli, “the root grah is in taking," i.c. conveys the idea of "taking." SYNTAX OF NOUNS OF TIME. 180. When reference is made to any particular division of time, the instrumental case is usually required; as, fafn af, "in three years "; qui ara:, "in twelve months ";,"in द्वादशभिर् मासैः, an instant"; fan, “in how long time"?, “in hundreds of years"; du, “in process of time.” 66 a. When, to duration of time, the accusative case is generally used; as,, "for a long time ";, "for one month "; हौ मासौ, “ for two months "; वर्षशतं, " for a hundred years"; शाखती: T:, "to all eternity." The instrumental, however, is sometimes used in this sense also; as, द्वादशभिर वर्षेर बाणिज्यं कृत्वा, “having traded for twelve years"; affeq, “for a few days." समाः, b. When any particular period or epoch is referred to, the locative may be employed; as, afifue feq, "on a certain day "; कस्मिंश्चिद् दिवसे, तृतीये दिवसे, fea, "on the third day;" or sometimes the accusative; as, यां रात्रिं ते दूताः प्रविशन्ति स्म पुरीं तां रात्रिं भरतेन स्वप्नो दृष्टः, on the night when the ambassadors entered the city, on that night a dream was seen by Bharata." NOUNS OF PLACE AND DISTANCE. 66 181. Nouns expressive of distance between two places (according to Carey) may be in the nominative; as, कृष्णः शतं क्रोशाः सोमनाथात्, "Krishna is a hundred Kos from Somanath." Space may also be expressed by the accusative; as, si fuft:, "a hill for a Kos"; or by the instrumental; as, “having gone for a Kos." The place in which any thing is done may be in the locative; as, fafy, "in Vidarbha.” SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES. Accusative after the Adjective. 182. The only adjectives governing an accusative are those formed from desiderative bases; as, स्वगृहं जिगमिषु:, “ desirous of 66 66 going home"; पुत्रम् अभीप्सुः, “ desirous of obtaining a son "; राजानं fee, “desirous of seeing the king." Instrumental after the Adjective. a. Adjectives or participles used adjectively, expressive of want or possession, require this case; as, :, “destitute of wealth ''; अर्थैः समायुक्तः, “ possessed of riches"; 66 वारिणा पूणी घटः, b. So also of "likeness" or "equality "; as, a zenì gìà a अनेन सदृशो लोके fqf, “there has never been, nor will there ever be, any one like him in this world "; ब्रह्महत्या समं पापं, a crime equal to that of killing a Brahman "; : чt, “a wife as dear as life "; प्राणैः समा पत्नी, ferge, "equal to the sun." These are also joined with a genitive. Genitive after the Adjective. 183. Adjectives signifying "dear to," or the reverse, are joined with the genitive; as, राज्ञां प्रियः, “ dear to kings "; भर्त्तारः स्त्रीणां प्रियाः, “husbands are dear to women "; न कश्चित् स्त्रीणाम् अप्रियः, women dislike nobody "; af afaui, “he is detestable to his ministers." a. Adjectives expressive of equality often require this case as well as the instrumental; thus, u :, "equal to all"; अनुरूपः, like him"; “like the moon "; a neu get: ,"nobody is equal to him.” 66 و. 66 b. So also other adjectives; as, परोपदेश: सर्व्वेषां सुकरः नृणां, “ giving advice to others is easy to all men"; सुखानाम् उचित:, “worthy of happiness"; उचित: क्लेशानां, , “capable of toil.” 66 Locative after the Adjective. 66 184. Adjectives or participles used adjectively, expressive of power" or "ability," are joined with this case; as, f अश्वाः, “ horses able for the journey "; महति शत्रौ क्षमो राजा, “ a king who is a match for a great enemy "; अशक्ता गृहकरणे शक्ता गृहभञ्जने, 'unable to build a house, but able to demolish one." 66 a. So also other adjectives; as, a “ wise in trifles”; त्वयि अनुरक्तो विरक्तो वा adverse to you?” :, “skilled in arms”; g ma:, 66 स्वामी, “ is your master attached or sifay #mię:, “neglectful of his dependants.” |