Imatges de pàgina
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e. Complex compound adverbs, involving other compounds, are sometimes found; as, fafa, "not differently from one's own house"; स्तनभरविनमन्मध्यभङ्गानपेक्षं, “regardlessly of the curving of her waist bending under the weight of her bosom."

f. The indec. part. 4, “having begun," is joined with wa, "to day" (r), in the sense of "from this time forward." if is placed adverbially after words, in the same sense; as, ,"from birth upwards."

CHAPTER X.

SYNTAX.

STRIVE as we may, it is impossible to free the orthographical and etymological part of Sanscrit Grammar from a certain degree of intricacy and complexity. But admitting, as we do, this complexity in the early part of the subject to be greater than is ordinarily found, we at the same time affirm, that, in the aggregate calculation, the preponderance of difficulty is on the side of the classical languages. When the student has once thoroughly mastered the rules relating to the combination of letters and the inflection of nouns and verbs, the path, in Sanscrit, becomes easy to him, and he passes with the utmost certainty to a complete acquaintance with the subject in all its bearings. Not so in Greek or Latin. At the point in Sanscrit where our labours end, at that point in the others do our real labours begin; and the young scholar, however versed in the declension of nouns and conjugation of verbs, finds, when he enters upon the syntax of these two languages, that he has hardly passed the threshold of his studies. It is in the syntax of Greek and Latin that the true test of scholarship lies. It is here that an almost interminable field of inquiry opens before the grammarian, and difficulties assail the student, demanding, for their complete mastery, a more than ordinary degree of mental application and capacity. In Sanscrit, on the other hand, the subject of syntax is reducible to a few plain rules, and

might almost be merged in that of compound words. The almost entire absence of prepositions in government with nouns removes one fertile source of difficulty; and such is the extraordinary prevalence of compounds, that the student who has acquired a thorough insight into their formation has little else to learn, and the writer who has properly expounded this portion of the grammar has already more than half completed his investigation into the laws which regulate syntactical combinations. We shall endeavour, in the present chapter, to collect together all the most useful rules for the connection and collocation of uncompounded words, presupposing, as we have done throughout, that the student is acquainted with the general principles of the subject before us. Much vagueness and uncertainty, however, may be expected to attach to the rules propounded, when it is remembered that Sanscrit literature consists almost entirely of poetry, and that the laws of syntax are ever prone to yield to the necessities of metrical composition.

Observe, in the present chapter on Syntax, that the subject may be made as clear as possible, each word will be separated from the next, and vowels will not be allowed to coalesce, although such coalition be required by the laws of combination. Whenever compounds are introduced into the examples, a dot, placed underneath, will mark the division of the words. The examples have been, in general, selected from the Hitopadesha, or the Mahabharata, with the view of serving as an easy delectus, in which the beginner may exercise himself before passing to continuous translation.

CONCORD OF THE VERB WITH THE NOMINATIVE CASE.

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172. The verb must agree with the nominative case in number and person, as in the following examples: enfu, “I must perform;", "do thou attend"; fa," he gives "; सावां ब्रूवः, "we two say"; "the pigeons said "; an act कपोता ऊचुः, च जग्मतुः, “ the king and minister went ": यावच् चन्द्राकै तिष्ठतः, long as the moon and sun remain "; युवा चिन्तयतं, do you two reflect"; यूयम् आयात, “ do ye come"; सज्जनाः पूज्यन्ते, "good men are honoured"; f :, "the wind blows"; squfa wag, “the moon rises"; fa qui, "the flower blossoms."

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a. When a participle takes the place of the verb, it must agree with the nominative in number and gender; as, :, “he went"; सा गता, “ she went "; नार्य्याव् उक्तवत्यौ, “ the two women spoke "; राजा हतः, "the king was killed"; fa fafa, "the bonds were cut." बन्धनानि छिन्नानि, b. Sometimes, when it is placed between two or more nominative cases, it agrees with one only; as, gy: uqlfum yaw, “his wife and son were awakened.”

c. Very often the copula, or verb which connects the subject with the predicate, is omitted; when, if an adjective stand in the place of the verb, it will follow the rules of concord in gender and number; as, vi, “wealth is difficult of attainment"; mai qaş, “we two have finished eating." कृताहारौ, But if a substantive stand in the place of the verb, no concord of gender or number need take place ; as, सम्पदः पदम् आपदां, successes are the road to

misfortunes."

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CONCORD OF THE ADJECTIVE WITH THE SUBSTANTIVE.

173. An adjective, participle, or adjective pronoun, qualifying a substantive, when not compounded with it, must agree with the substantive in gender, number, and case; as, y: y:, "a good man"; महद् दुःखं, “ great pain "; एतेषु पूर्वोक्तेषु राष्ट्रेषु, “ in these beforementioned countries"; fu faafu, "three friends.'

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CONCORD OF THE RELATIVE WITH THE ANTECEDENT.

174 The Relative must agree with the antecedent noun in gender, number, and person; but, in Sanscrit, the relative pronoun almost invariably precedes the noun to which it refers, and this noun is then put in the same case with the relative, and the pronoun generally follows in the latter clause of the sentence; as, यस्य नरस्य बुद्धिः स बलवान्, " of whatever man there is intellect, he is strong. The noun referred to by the relative may also be joined with स:, as, यस्य बुद्धिः स नरो बलवान्; or may be omitted altogether, as, un ufaşıd an ч, “What you have promised, that abide by”; येषाम् अपत्यानि खादितानि तै: (पक्षिभिः, understood) जिज्ञासा समारम्या, By those (birds) whose young ones were devoured, an inquiry was set on foot."

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a. The Relative sometimes stands alone, an antecedent noun or pronoun being understood, from which it takes its gender and num

"there

ber ; as, नास्ति पुण्यवान् ( तस्मात् understood) यस्य मित्रेण सम्भाष:, is not a happier (than that man) of whom there is conversation with a friend”; vàa få ûì a gçıfa, "What is the use of wealth (to him) who does not give?”

b. Sometimes, though rarely, the antecedent noun precedes the relative in the natural order ; as, न सा भाय्यी यस्यां भती न तुष्यति, " She is not a wife in whom the husband does not take pleasure."

c. तावत् and यावत् stand to each other in the relation of demonstrative and relative; as, यावन्ति तस्य द्वीपस्य वस्तूनि तावन्ति अस्माकम् 34, "As many products as belong to that island, so many are to be brought to us."

d, Similarly, तादृश and यादृश; as, यादृशं वृत्तं तादृशं तस्मै कथितवन्तः, "As the event occurred, so they related it to him."

SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES.

Under this head it is proposed to explain the construction of substantives, without reference to their connection with particular adjectives, verbs, or participles; and for this purpose it will be desirable to exhibit examples under each case.

Nominative Case.

A substantive simply and absolutely expressed must be placed in the nominative case; as, हितोपदेशः, “the Hitopadesha "; भट्टिकाव्यं, 66 'the poem of Bhatti."

a. Two nominative cases in different numbers may be placed in apposition to each other; as, quif, “grass as a bed.”

unfa

Accusative Case.

b. Substantives are not found in the accusative, unconnected with verbs or participles, except as expressing duration of time or space. See r. 180. 181.

Instrumental Case.

175. This case yields a variety of senses. The most usual is that of the instrument or means by which any thing is done; as, मया (उक्तं), “ by me it was said "; व्याधेन (पाशो योजितः), “ by the fowler a snare was laid"; "by the study of the Vedas ";

“with one's own eye."

a. It also has the force of "with" in expressing other col

lateral ideas; as, oiyen æst, "vying with the strong मित्रेण सम्भाष:, “ conversation with a friend "; पशुभिः सामान्यं, “ equality with beasts"; fag, "with the knowledge of (his) father "; especially when accompaniment is intended; as, faru yɛ:, “the गुरुः, master with his pupil."

b. The other senses yielded by this case are "through," "by reason of "; as, 44, "through compassion"; "on

account of that transgression."

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C. 'According to," "by "; as, fafu, "according to rule "; Я, “according to my opinion";,"by birth.”

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d. The "manner" in which any thing is done, as denoted in English by the adverbial affix ly, or by the prepositions in, at; as, बाहुल्पेन, “in abundance "; धर्मेण, “ virtuously "; स्वेच्छया, pleasure"; सुखेन, " at ease "; अनेन विधिना, “ in this way "; महता (faqan:), "they both dwell together in great intimacy "; (नृपः सर्व्वभूतानि अभिभवति) तेजसा, “a king surpasses all beings in glory "; मनसा ( न कर्त्तव्यं), “ such a deed must not even be imagined in the mind"; 4, "in human form."

e. Substantives expressive of "want," "need," may be joined with the instrumental of the thing wanted ; as, चर्च्चया न प्रयोजनं, "there is no occasion for inquiry "; aqı dada a vui, “there is न no need of me as a servant "; q, “there is use for a straw.” f. The price for which any thing is done may be in the instrumental; as, पञ्चभिः पुराणैर् (याति दासत्वं ), “ for five puranas he becomes a slave"; बहुभिर् दत्तैर् ( युध्यन्ते), “they fight for great rewards.” Similarly, प्राणपरित्यागमूल्येन (श्रीर् न ),"fortune is not obtained at the price of the sacrifice of life."

g. So, also, difference between two things; as, ♬ ago - neg ami, "there is great difference between you and the ocean.'

h. The English expression "under the idea that " is expressed by the inst. case of the substantive बुद्धि ; as, व्याघ्र बुझा, “ under the idea that he was a tiger.”

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Double Instrumental.

i. Sometimes when two substantives come together, expressing parts of a common idea, they are both placed in the instrumental, instead of one in the genitive; as, agð: gât aren, “an odour is emitted by the bakul-plants by their flowers" (for वकुलानां पुष्पैः). Similarly, ताम् आश्वासयामास प्रेप्पाभिश् चन्दनोदकैः, “he caused her to revive by her attendants by sandal-water."

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