are quite useless for any practical purposes, except the formation of nouns. Hence it is that compound verbs are of more frequent occurrence than simple ones. They are formed in two ways: 1st, by combining roots with prepositions; 2dly, by combining the auxiliaries कृ. "to do," and, "to be," with adverbs, or nouns con verted into adverbs. Compound Verbs formed by combining Prepositions with Roots. 165. The following list exhibits the prepositions chiefly used in combination with roots: अति fa ati, "across," "beyond "; as, wf (p. 112.); it, "to pass by," "transgress" (pres. wafa, &c. p. 112.). 66 fadhi, "above," "upon," "over "; as, f, "to stand over," 'preside" (p. 107. pres. affenf); we, "to climb upon”; fit, "to lie upon" (p. 113.); f, "to go over towards" (p. 107.); ft, "to go over" in the sense of "reading" (p. 113.). अनु anu, after "; as, g, "to follow "; 8, "to follow," in the sense of "performing ";, "to imitate" (p. 102.); agaq, "to assent." 66 19 66 अन्तर् antar, “within "(cf. inter); as, , "to place within,' conceal" (p. 119.), in pass. "to vanish ";, "to be within" vanish";, (p. 104.); "to walk in the midst” (r. 31.). अप apa, “ off,” “ away" (cf. ånd) ; as, अपगम्, अपसृ, अपे (from अप and, p. 112.), "to go away"; wt, "to lead away"; 4, "to abstract"; "to bear away." अपवह्, It also implies detrac tion; as, “to defame.” अपि api, “on," “over," only used with धा and नह; as, अपिधा, “ to shut up"; f, "to bind on." rejected, leaving पिधा, पिनह्. The initial a is generally fr abhi, "to," "towards" (cf. ènì); as, fru, nit, "to go towards"; for, "to run towards"; "to behold " (p. 107.); for, "to address," "salute." अवकॄ, अव ava, "down," "off"; as,,, "to descend"; ìa, "to look down"; "to throw down,' scatter"; "to cut off." It also implies disparagement; as, , "to despise" (p. 123.); wafa, "to insult" (p. 111.). ā, "to," "towards," "up" (Latin ad); as, fa, "to enter "; ,"to go towards"; "to mount up." When pre 66 and 1, 66 fixed to गम् to go, and दा, to give," it reverses the action; as, "to come ";, "to take." With चर्, "to practise." "to go up,' 66 Tut, “up,” upwards" (opposed to f); as, a (r. 16.), 3ft, ," "rise" (pres. If, 1st conj.); t, "to fly up"; उद्धृ (उत् and हृ, r. 18.), “ to extract"; उन्मिष् and उन्मील् (r. 15. ), to open the eyes "; उत्कृत्, उच्छिद्, “ to cut up "; उन्मूल्, to root up"; f, "to lift up" ( and f, r. 17.). (3⁄4 and fà, r. 17.). 66 When prefixed to it causes the elision of s; as, , "to stand up." In some cases it reverses the action; as, from ,"to fall,” "to leap up"; from ,"to bend down," Jan (r. 15.), "to raise up"; from 4, "to keep down," J, "to lift up." upa, “to," "towards" (f. vnò), joined like and for to roots of motion; as, 3, "to approach "; 3, "to wait upon," with fa, "to sit down." विश्, få ni, “down,” “downwards," "under" (opposed to); as, faun “ to fall down"; नियम्, “ to suppress "; निमिष् and निमील्, “to close the eyes"; fafay, fam, zq, "to lay down," "deposit "; fafas, "to go within," encamp. With वृत् it signifies "to return, desist"; with , “to hear.” In some cases it does not alter the sense; as, f, "to kill." 66 งง fanir, "out"; as, f (cf. note, p. 15.), faña, fa:ą (r. 31.), “to go out"; fa, "to cut up"; fa, "to come to an end," 99 cease. With f," to determine." 66 ч parā, “back," "backwards" (cf. πapa), combined with f and in the sense of "defeat"; as, quf, “to overcome (cf. παραVIKάw, Æsch. Chöe.); q, "to be defeated." When joined with ,2d conj., it signifies "to retire towards" (pres. f); when with, 1st conj. ātm., "to run away," "to retreat, "to retreat," being changed to 7 (pres. ч14). uft pari, "around" (cf. πepí, per); as, परि round"; afer, f, "to go round"; r aftag, ufq, "to surपरिवेष्ट्, परिवृ, When prefixed to it signifies "to adorn," and is inserted, परिष्कृ . With भू, "to despise," and with," to avoid." It some times merely gives intensity to the action; as, uf, "to abandon altogether." я pra, "before," "forward" (cf. πpo, pro, pra); as, , ¶¶, “to proceed"; 4, "to set before," "present"; ", “to begin "; ,"to run forward"; "to set out," ""advance"; TH, "to be superior," "prevail"; HEN, "to foresee." With लभ, "to deceive." In combination with the causal of, its final a; as, nasal by r. 21.; as, it drops fag, "to fл, "to प्रतिगम्, f, "I send." The r influences a following u, "to bend before," "salute." fa* prati, against," "towards," "back again "; as, fight against "; ut, "to go towards" (pres. f); return"; fa, "to counteract"; f, “to beat back," repel"; प्रतिवच्, “to answer "; प्रतिलभ् “ to recover "; प्रतिनी, "to lead back"; "to re-salute." With प्रतिनन्द, "to promise"; with, "to arrive at," "obtain." 66 66 66 fa vi, "apart," implying "separation," "distinction," "distribution," dispersion" (Latin dis, se); as, fa, "to wander about "; faam, "to vacillate"; fa, "to roam for pleasure"; faq, "to dissipate"; fa, "to tear asunder"; fa, "to divide "; fafara, 'to distinguish." Sometimes it gives a privative signification; as, fag, "to disunite "; fa, "to forget"; fa, “to sell." With, “to change for the worse. Sometimes it has no apparent influence on the root; as, fa, "to perish." sam, “with," "together with" (ovv, con); collect"; "to join together"; सम्पद्, “to happen"; fq, "to contract.' "to perfect," and is inserted, #. as, fa, age, “to सङ्ग्रह्, "to meet together "; With it signifies कृ It is often prefixed without altering the sense; as, , "to be produced." 166. Two prepositions are often combined with a root; as, i, "to open" (fa, );, "to assemble" (,, with root ); प्रणिपत्, “ to prostrate one's self” (प्र, नि, r. 21.) ; प्रोड, to raise up (,, with root). 66 Occasionally three prepositions are combined; as, predict” (प्र, वि, आ ) ; प्रत्युदाह, “ to answer” (प्रति, उत्, WT). * The final of the prepositions, fa, qft, fa, is optionally lengthened in forming certain nouns; as, प्रतीकार, परीहास, नीकार. 167. In conjugating compound verbs formed with prepositions, the augment and reduplication do not change their position, but are inserted between the preposition and the root;* as, qui, 1st pret of नी, with परि; उपाविशं, 1st pret of विश्, with उप; अन्वतिष्ठं, Ist pret. of स्था, with अनु; प्रतिजघान, 2d pret of हन्, with प्रति; प्रोज्जहार, 2d pret. of, with and उत्· 168. Grammarians restrict certain roots to particular voices, when in combination with particular prepositions; as, for example, the root f, "to conquer," with f, and the root fa, "to enter," with f, are restricted to the atmanepada; but no certain rules can be propounded on this subject: and in the two epic poems especially, the choice of voice seems so entirely arbitrary and subservient to the purposes of metre, that many atmanepada primitive, and even passive verbs, are occasionally permitted to take a parasmaipada inflection.† कृ भू. Compound Verbs formed by combining Adverbs with the Roots and ¥. 169. These are of two kinds; 1st, those formed by combining adverbs with and ; 2dly, those formed by combining nouns कृ used adverbially with these roots. Examples of the first kind are, , "to adorn"; f, "to make manifest" (cf. note, p. 15.); afe, "to eject"; g, "to place in front" "follow"; fanta, 66 'to deprive"; "to entertain as a guest"; "to revere ”; "to become manifest," &c. 170. In forming the second kind, the final of a crude word being a or ā, is changed to ; as, from am, ani, “to make ready;" from, qui, "to blacken "; or, in a few cases, to ā, as प्रियाकृ from प्रिय. A final i or u are lengthened; as, from f, Jay, "to become pure"; from y, "to lighten." A final ri is وا * There are a few exceptions to this rule in the Mahabhārata; as in HEL (Prof. Johnson's Ed. p. 33.). + Thus, यत्, “to strive,” and, "to beg for," which are properly atmanepada verbs, are found in the paras. Instances of passive verbs have been given at p. 89. note†. On the other hand,, "to rejoice," which is properly a parasmaipada verb, is found in the atm. changed to ǹrī; as, from , "to become a mother.” A final as becomes either 3 as, from सुमनस्, सुमनीभू, “to be of good mind "; or asē, as, from far, far, "to place on the head." a. But the greater number of compounds of this kind are formed from crude nouns in a. The following are other examples : तृणीकृ, “ to esteem as a straw "; स्तम्भीकृ, " to stiffen "; एकचित्तीभू, “ to fix the mind on one object." 66 b. Sometimes, placed after a crude noun, is used to form a compound verb of this kind ; as, from जल, “ water,” जलसात्कृ, “ to reduce to liquid"; from 7,"ashes,”, “to reduce to ashes." SECT. III.-COMPOUND ADVERBS (CORRESPONDING TO AVYAYIBHAVA COMPOUNDS). 171. Compound adverbs are formed by combining adverbs, prepositions, or adverbial prefixes with nouns in the singular number neuter gender. a. The greater number are formed with the adverbial preposition सह saha, contracted into स sa; as, from कोप, "anger, ” सकोपं, angrily"; from respect," "respectfully"; from अष्टाङ्गपात, prostration of the limbs," 66 66 66 सादरं, "reverentially." As, however, the neuter of all adjectives may be used adverbially, these compound adverbs may be regarded as the neuter of the fifth form of relative compounds (r. 161.). b. The following may be taken as examples of compound adverbs formed with other prefixes: g., "according to seniority"; प्रत्युङ्गे, , "over every limb"; fa, "every month "; faf, "acप्रतिमासं, यथा विधि, cording to rule"; quyfa, or wax, "according to one's power "; यथासुखं, “ happily "; समक्षं, “ before the eyes" (अक्ष being substituted for अक्षि, cf. p. 165. 6. ) ; असंशयं, “ undoubtedly "; निर्विशेषं, “ without distinction." 66 c. Some of the adverbs at r. 139. may be placed after crude nouns; thus,, “near the child";, "for the sake of protection." d. A kind of compound adverb is formed by doubling a noun, lengthening the final of the first word, and changing the final of the last to i; as, from, "a stick," f, "mutual striking." A A |
