19 the last member of a compound of this nature, is always used relatively to some word expressed or understood, and yields a sense equivalent to et cetera. It is necessarily found either in the plural or neuter singular; as, 4, "Indra and the others " (agreeing with the nom. case : expressed or understood, “the gods commencing with Indra "); cat, "of Agni and the others (agreeing with at understood, "of those aboveपूर्वोक्तानां named things of which Agni was the first"); çîfa, “the eyes, &c." (agreeing with fufu, "the senses commencing with the eyes"). When used in the neut. sing. it either agrees with gala, “the aforesaid," understood, or with a number of things taken collectively, and the adverb iti* may be prefixed; as, affe, "the word devān, &c." (agreeing with gaf understood, the aforesaid sentence of which devān is the first word"); fe, “by liberality, &c." (agreeing with some class of things understood, "by that class of things of which liberality is the first "). Sometimes सादिक is used for आदि; as, दानादिकं, " gifts, &c. " and sometimes; as, : :, “the gods of whom Indra is the first"; or sometimes the substantive इन्द्रप्रभृतयः सुराः. 66 as, Relative Form of Aggregative Compounds. 66 ; as, 158. Aggregative compounds are sometimes used relatively; enfui, -, -, “that which is liable to sorrow, sickness, and death"; especially in the case of adjectives or participles; as, कृष्ण,शुक्लः, -क्ला, -क्लं, “ black and white "; खातानुलिप्त:, -मा, -मं, “ bathed and anointed "; पौरजानपदः, -दा, दं, " city and country "; कृतापकृतः, -, -, "done and done badly"; :,,, "good and evil" (r. 153. b.). Examples are still more common under the head of complex compounds. Relative Form of Descriptive Compounds. 159. A greater number of compound words may be referred to this head than to any other. Every style of writing abounds * Sometimes evam is prefixed; as, if f, "lamentations beginning thus." -क्तिः, -क्ति, “ whose strength is small" (p. 34. 1.) ; महाबलः, -ला, -लं, "whose strength is great" (r. 154. a. p. 32. †.); 66 66 'whose glory is great" (r. 68. 69.); Helmi, -m, -m, “high-minded (p. 41, 42.) ; उदारचरितः, -ता, तं, “ of noble demeanour "; पण्डित बुद्धि:, -fa:, -fa, “of wise intellect" (p. 34. †.); faænu:, -an, -✯, “having a dear wife ";* agcrcuit:, -, -, “not to be reconciled." 66 a. Although a passive participle is not often prefixed to a noun in an absolute sense, this kind of combination prevails most extensively in the formation of relative compounds; as, T♡, -ला, -लं, “ whose time has arrived; जितेन्द्रियः, या, यं, “ whose passions are subdued"; :, -a, -:, "whose mind is composed"; भग्नाशः, -शा, शं, “ whose hopes are broken "; हृतराज्यः, ज्या, ज्यं, whose kingdom is taken away"; afanden:, -, -, “whose glory is boundless";:, -, -, "whose desire is accom-मा, plished," i. e. "successful"; fundgutet, -al, -,"by whom the shastras have not been read"; fragq;, -, -, “whose heart is pierced." 66 Relative form of Collective Compounds. 160. The following are examples of Collective or Dwigu compounds used relatively: fau:, -uff, -, "two-leaved"; f 66 -,-, "tri-ocular"; fa, -, -, "three-headed" (being -नी, -नं, substituted for मूर्द्धन्); चतुर्मुखः, खी, खं, “four-faced "; चतुष्कोण:, -णा, -णं, quadrangular "; शतद्वाः, रा, रं, "hundred-gated"; agfqu:, -ui, -¿, "possessed of the four sciences"; gaļa:, -al, -a, thousand-eyed." Relative form of Substantives compounded with certain Adverbial Prefixes. 161. This includes a class of compounds possessing no corresponding absolute form, and composed of an adverb prefixed to a substantive. By far the greater number of these are formed with * Occasionally the feminine of the adjective appears in the compound; as, ,"having a sixth wife." ↑ Unless they be regarded as the relative form of Ayayibhāva compounds. Ꮓ 66 66 66 66 66 the adverbial preposition सह, “ with,” contracted into स ; as, सक्रोधः, -धा, -धं, “angry "; सफलः, -ला, -लं, “fruitful” (p. 32. †.); सबन्धुः, -न्युः, -न्धु, “ possessed of kindred” (r. 54, 55, 56.) ; सयानः, -लां, नं, energetic"; सानन्दः, -न्दा, -न्दं, “ joyful "; ससचिवः, वा, वं, “ accompanied by ministers "; सज्यः, -ज्या, ज्यं, strung" (as (as a bow). The following are examples of other adverbial prefixes: :, -, -, “with uplifted weapon";, -, -, “of various forms ''; क्वनिवासः, सा, सं, " where dwelling” ? क्वज़न्मा, -न्मा, -न्म, “ where born”? अपभी भी, भि, “ fearless" (p. 33.†.); तथाविधः, -, -, “of that kind.” 66 COMPLEX COMPOUND NOUNS. 162. We have now to speak of those complex compound words, or compounds within compounds, which form the most remarkable feature in Sanscrit poetical composition. Instances might be given of twenty or thirty words thus compounded together, but these are the productions of the vitiated taste of more modern times, and are only curious as showing that the power of compounding words may often be perverted to the formation of a style the most extravagant and ridiculous. But even in the best specimens of Sanscrit composition, and in the simplest prose writings, four, five, or even six words are commonly compounded together, involving two or three forms under one head. It will be easy, however, to determine the character of the forms involved, by the rules propounded in the preceding pages; in proof of which the student has only to study attentively the examples we are about to give. a. Instances of absolute complex compounds, whose sense is complete and unconnected, are not very abundant. The following may be taken as examples: कालान्तरावृत्तिशुभाशुभानि, “ good and evil (occurring) in the revolutions of the interval of time," the whole being a dependent, involving a dependent and an aggregative; सेनापतिबलाध्यक्षौ, “the general and the overseer of the forces," the whole being an aggregative, involving two dependents; Tufa“the protection from sorrow, enemies, and perils," the whole being a dependent, involving an aggregative; अवधीरिजसुढद्दाक्यं, the disregarded words of a friend," the whole being a descriptive, involving a dependent. 66 b. But the greater number of complex compounds are used relatively, as epithets of some other word in the sentence; as, गलितःनखनयनः, -नी, नं, “ whose teeth and eyes were decayed,' the whole being the relative form of descriptive, involving an aggregative; शुक्लमाल्यानुलेपनः, -ना, नं, “ having a white garland and unguents," the whole being the relative form of aggregative, involving a descriptive;,,, "done in a former birth," the whole being the relative form of dependent, involving a descriptive; faqe:, -, -, “advanced in learning and age,' the whole being the relative form of dependent, involving an aggregative; fan ayol élet, -at, -, "having fresh garlands, and being free from dust," the whole being the relative form of aggregative, involving a descriptive and dependent; fàays fau:, -U:, -, whose head was moist with unction." 66 c. The substantive wife, "a beginning," often occurs in complex relative compounds, as in simple relatives (r. 157. b.); thus, enfe," parrots, starlings, &c." (agreeing with fa:, "birds beginning with parrots and starlings "), the whole being the relative form of dependent, involving an aggregative; farfafe, "peace, war, &c.” (agreeing with पूब्वोक्तं understood); गृहदेवागारादिः युक्तः, -क्ता, - "possessed of houses, temples, &c." Similarly, in the example : (agreeing with :, "garlands possessing the best odour and other qualities "). , d. Long complex compounds may be generally translated by beginning at the last word and proceeding regularly backwards; as in the following fontमुक्तककार, मिलितको किलालाप, सङ्गीतक सुखावहः, -हा, -हं, “causing pleasure by the music of the voice of the cuckoo, blended with the hum emitted by the swarms of joyous bees." e. Wir or I, as occupying the last place in a complex relative, denote "composed of”; thus, हस्त्यश्वरथपदातिकर्मकरात्मकं बलं, “a force consisting of elephants, horses, chariots, infantry, and servants"; sich going boin & out, “the two actions consisting of the good and evil done in a former birth." Certain Anomalous Compounds. f. There are certain compounds which are too anomalous in their formation to admit of ready classification under any one of the preceding heads. Amongst these may be placed those compounds expressive of comparison or likeness, usually included under the Karmadharaya or Descriptive class. In these the adjective is placed last; as, quem:, -¿ï, -¿, “ fickle as a shadow "; फेनोपमः, -मा, -मं, “ like foam"; असुदश्याम:, - मा, मं, “ darkasa cloud"; cft:, -, -, “spread out like a mountain "; भूधरविस्तीर्णः, -णी, जलविन्दु,लोलचपलः, -ला, -लं, “unsteady as a trembling drop of water"; नलिनीदलतोय तरलः, -ला, -लं, “ tremulous as water on the leaf of a lotus"; the last two examples are complex. 66 66 g. There is a common anomalous compound formed by placing after another word, to express another," other "; as, स्थानान्तरं "another place";,"along with another king "; जन्मान्तराणि, fu, "other births." The following examples, also, are not readily assignable to any class: fang, “a fighter who abanत्यक्तजीवितयोधी, dons all idea of life"; fanч:, -, -, “accompanied by the Sārasa";*., "never before seen.” 66 Compound Nouns formed from Roots combined with Prepositions. 163. In the next section it will be shewn that the combination of roots with prepositions prevails most extensively in Sanscrit. From roots thus combined nouns of the most various significations may be formed; thus, from, 'to seize," with f and wa, is formed, "practice," from "to do," with,, कृ, "imitation." Hardly a line can occur in any book that does not afford an example of this kind of compound. SECT. II.-COMPOUND VERBS. 164. The learner might look over the list of 1900 simple roots, and very well imagine that in some of these would be contained every possible variety of idea, and that the aid of prepositions and adverbial prefixes to expand and modify the sense of each root would be unnecessary. But the real fact is, that there are comparatively very few Sanscrit roots in common use; and that whilst those that are so appear in a multitude of different forms by the prefixing of one or two or even three prepositions, the remainder *Soft: in Nala, translated by Bopp, umbra geminatus. |