Imatges de pàgina
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in the plural; 2d, inflected in the dual; 3d, inflected in the singular. In the first two cases the final letter of the crude of the word terminating the compound determines the declension, and its gender the particular form of declension; in the third case it seems to be a law that this kind of compound cannot be formed unless the last word ends in a, or in a vowel changeable to a, or in a consonant to which a may be subjoined; and the gender is invariably neuter, whatever may be the gender of the final word.

Inflected in the Plural.

151. When more than two animate objects are enumerated, the last is inflected in the plural; as, Ţ, “Indra, Anila, Yama, and Arka " (for इन्द्रः अनिलः यमः अर्कः) ; राम लक्ष्मण भरताः “ Rāma, «owTra:,

मृगव्याध.सर्पशूकराः,

Lakshmana, and Bharata"; "the deer, the hunter, the serpent, and the hog." The learner will observe, that although the last member of the compound is inflected in the plural, each of the members has here a singular acceptation. But a plural signification may often be inherent in some or all of the words constituting the compound; thus, fat, “friends, neutrals, and foes” (for मित्राणि, उदासीनाः, शत्रवः) ; सिंहव्याघ्र महोरगाः, “ lions, tigers, and serpents"; quepengenzent, “dogs, vul

tures, herons, ravens, kites, jackals, and crows.

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a. So also when more than two inanimate objects are enumerated, the last may be inflected in the plural; as, virumalar:, virtue, wealth, enjoyment, and beatitude" (for yЯ:, :, :, मोक्षः); इज्याध्ययनदानानि, “ sacrifice, study, and liberality" (for इज्या, q, qui). In some of the following a plural signification is inherent; as, gif, “flowers, roots, and fruits"; ya garui, "of the unborn, the dead, and the foolish (for अजातानां मृतानां, मूर्खाणां); नेत्रमनःस्वभावा:, “ eyes, mind, and disposition"; रोग शोक, परिताgrafa, “sickness, sorrow, anguish, bonds, and afflictions."

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b. So also when only two animate or inanimate objects are enumerated, in which a plural signification is inherent, the last is inflected in the plural; as, T., "gods and men"; "sons and grandsons";, "falls and rises";ften, प्राकारपरिखाः, "ramparts and trenches"; , "in pleasures and pains" (for मुखेषु, दुःखेषु); पाप पुण्यानि, “ sins and virtues."

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Inflected in the Dual.

152. When only two animate objects are enumerated, in each of which a singular signification is inherent, the last is inflected in the dual ; as, रामलक्ष्मणौ, “ Rāma and Lakshmana" (for रामः लक्ष्मण:); चन्द्रसूर्य्यो, “ the moon and sun"; मृगकाकौ, “a deer and a crow'

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a. So also when only two inanimate objects are enumerated, in each of which a singular signification is inherent, the last is inflected in the dual; as, aguч, “affection and enmity" (for gun, अपरागः); क्षुत्पिपासे, “ hunger and thirst" (for क्षुत् पिपासा); बुझाधी, "hunger and sickness"; &,"by standing and sitting (for स्थानेन, आसनेन); मधुसर्पिषी, “ honey and ghee "; सुखदु:खे, “ pleasure and pain."

b. In aggregating two nouns of relationship, formed with the affix π (r. 41.), the first is placed in the nominative case instead of the crude; as, fun, “mother and father."

Inflected in the Singular Neuter.

153. When two or more inanimate objects are enumerated, whether singular or plural in their signification, the last may either be inflected as above, r. 151. a. b. r. 152., or in the singular number, neut. gender; as, g, “flowers, roots and fruits" (for gunfu, मूलानि फलानि ) ; यवसानोदकेन्धनं, “ grass, food, water, and fuel " (for यवसः, अन्नं, उदकं, इन्धनं); अहोरात्रं, “ a day and night" (for अहः, रात्रिः) ; दिग्देशं, “ quarters and countries ” (for दिश:, देशा:).

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a. Sometimes two or more animate objects are thus compounded; as, gui, sons and grandsons"; ", "elephants and horses"; especially inferior objects,

, “a dog and an outcast."

b. In enumerating two qualities the opposite of each other, it is common to form a Dwandwa compound of this kind, by doubling an adjective or participle, and interposing the negative a ; as, चराचरं, “ moveable and immoveable " (for चरम् अचरं च) ; pi, "good and evil"; fufu, "in agreeable and disagreeable " (for प्रिये अप्रिये च ); दृष्टादृष्टं, “ seen and not seen"; कृताकृतं, "done and not done."

DESCRIPTIVE COMPOUNDS (KARMADHĀRAYA).

154. In describing, qualifying, or defining a substantive by

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means of an adjective or participle, it is common in Sanscrit to compound the two words together, placing the adjective or participle in the first member of the compound in its crude state; as, साघुजन:, “a good man” (for साधुर् जनः ) ; चिरमित्रं, “ an old friend" (for चिरं मित्रं) ; प्रियभाया *, " a dear wife" (for प्रिया भाय्य); रूपवनाय्य *, "a beautiful wife" (for); :, “a troubled ocean"; पुण्य कर्म्म, “a holy act"; अनन्तात्मा, “ the infinite soul'; संस्कृतोक्तिः "polished speech"; quafu, "holy acts" (for gufa gånfu); उत्तमनराणां, “ of the best men " (for उत्तमानां नराणां ).

पुण्यकम्मीणि,

a. is substituted for the crude

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पुण्यानि

"great," in the first

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member of a Descriptive compound T; as, महापुरुषः, not महत्पुरुषः,

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सखि,

b. When the substantive," a king," is taken to form the last member of a Descriptive compound, it loses its proper form of declension as a noun of the 6th class (p. 41.), and is declined like a noun of the 1st class (see p. 42. note *.). af, "a friend"; पथिन्, uf, "a road"; fa, "the eye"; fa, "the night," and some other words undergo a similar change in inflection, and become nouns of the 1st class; as, fur, "a dear friend";, “a long night." When these latter words form the last member of Dependent or Collective compounds the same holds good; as in धर्म्मराजः, अग्निसखः, गवाक्षः.

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c. Numerals in their crude state are sometimes found occupying the place of adjectives in the first member of a compound of this class; as,, "the four castes"; "five arrows."

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d. Adjectives, used substantively, sometimes occupy the last place in Descriptive compounds; as, परमधार्मिकः, “ a very just man"; परमाद्भुतं, “a very wonderful thing."

e. Compounds expressing comparison fall under this class, and are composed of two substantives, the last being generally the name of an animal denoting superiority; as, पुरुषपुङ्गवः, पुरुषसिंहः, पुरुषर्षभः, equivalent to “ an illustrious man.”

* Feminine nouns are rarely compounded in this way; and there can be no question that fч and are the proper crudes of the feminine form of the adjective. When the feminine of an adjective is used substantively, it does not give place to the crude; as, af:, “a wanton woman."

† But महत् is retained in a Dependent ; as, महदाश्रयः, recourse to the great."

COLLECTIVE COMPOUNDS (DWIGU).

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155. A numeral is often compounded with a substantive to form a collective noun of the neuter gender; thus, q, “the four ages" (for चत्वारि युगानि ) ; चतुर्दिशं, “ the four quarters"; त्रिदिनं, "three days" (cf. the Latin triduum); f, “three nights" (T being substituted for ufa); , “three years" (cf. triennium).

a. Sometimes the final vowel of the substantive is changed to §; as, faciat, "the three worlds."

RELATIVE COMPOUNDS (BAHUVRĪHI).

156. The greater number of compounds in the preceding four divisions are terminated by substantives, the sense of each being in that case absolute and complete in itself. All such compounds

may be used relatively, that is, as epithets of other words, the final substantive becoming susceptible of three genders, like an adjective (p. 32. †. p. 34. †.): and it cannot be too forcibly impressed upon the student that the terms Relative and Bahuvrihi have reference to the adjective use of those compounds only which have a substantive in the last member. This is not to be regarded, therefore, as a distinct division of the subject of compound words, so much as a distinct view of the same subject, the object of which is to show that all compounds, which are in themselves absolute and complete in sense, and are terminated by substantives, may be used adjectively, and in the relation of an epithet to some other word in the sentence. We have given the name relative to compounds when thus used, not only for the obvious reason of their being relatively and not absolutely employed, but also because they usually involve a relative pronoun, and are sometimes translated into English by the aid of this pronoun, and are, moreover, resolved by native commentators into their equivalent uncompounded words by the aid of the genitive case of the relative (ч). Thus, is a Descriptive compound, meaning, "great wealth”: and may be used adjectively in relation to पुरुषः ; as, महाधनः पुरुषः, a man who has great wealth ": or to स्त्री ; as, महाधना स्त्री, a woman who has great wealth," and would be resolved by commentators into यस्य or यस्याः महद धनं. In English we have similar compounds; as, "high-minded," "left-handed," and the like, where

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the substantive terminating the compound is converted into an adjective.

Relative Form of Dependent Compounds.

157. Many Dependent compounds (especially those that are instrumentally dependent) are already in their own nature relative, and cannot be used except in connection with some other word in the sentence. But, on the other hand, many others, and especially those which are genitively dependent, constituting by far the largest number of this class of compounds, are in their nature absolute, and yield a sense complete in itself. These may be made relative by declining the final substantive after the manner of an adjective. The following are instances: qfa:, -fa:, -fa, चन्द्राकृतिः, -तिः, moon-shaped" (p. 34. f.), from the absolute compound, "the shape of the moon";, -, -,* “whose form is godlike "; सूर्य्यप्रभावः, -वा, -वं, " splendid as the sun "; हस्तिपादः, -दा, दं, elephant-footed "; anya:, -a, -a,*" ending at the sea";:, -न्ता, -न्तं, “ terminated by death "; कर्ण. पुरोगमः, -मा, मं, or कर्णमुख:, -,-,* “headed by Karna"; fà ̧TM, -Ħ, -Ħ, “named Vishņusharma” (p. 42. note 1.); gus, -a, -, “lotus-eyed " (r. 154. b.); नारायणाख्यः, -ख्या, ख्यं, “called Nārāyana "; “ founded on wealth ":

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-न्तं,

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called_Nārāyana "; घनमूलः, -ला, -लं, लक्षसंख्यानि (agreeing with धनानि ), “ money to the amount of a lac"; गदाहस्तः, -स्ता, -स्तं, “having a club in the hand"; raunfu:, -fu:, -fu, "having arms in the hand"; gæ fqqq:, -M, -4, “on the subject of flowers," "relating to flowers." These examples are not distinguishable from absolute dependent compounds, except by declension in three genders.

:, signifies "the eye

a. Many of them, however, are not found, except as relatives; and if used absolutely would yield a different sense; thus, aug means "the face of Karna," but when used relatively to "the kings headed by Karna." So also of the spy," but when used relatively to , "a king who sees by means of his spies," the nom. case masc. being then.

b. The substantive f, "a beginning," when it occurs in

* See p. 32. ↑ पाद may be substituted for पाद in compounds like हस्तिपाद.

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