"adorned with gems" (for afufry fan:).

मणिभिर् भूषितः). The 2d, DWANDWA, or those formed by the aggregation into one compound of two or more nouns (the last word being, according to circumstances, either in the dual, plural, or neuter singular, and the preceding word or words being in the crude), when, if uncompounded, they would all be in the same case, connected by a copulative conjunction; as, f, "master and pupil (for गुरुः शिष्पश्च) ; मरणव्याधिशोकाः, “ death, sickness, and sorrow ” (for मरणं व्याधिः शोकश्च ) ; ufu, “hand and foot" (for uf: ). The 3d, KARMADHÁRAYA, or those composed of an adjective and substantive, the adjective being placed first in its crude state, when, if uncompounded, it would be in grammatical concord with the substantive; as, साघुशीलः, “ a good disposition" (for साधुः शील :) ; सर्व्वद्रव्याणि, “ all things" (for ıfu zaifu). The 4th, DWIGU, or those in which a numeral in its crude state is compounded with a noun, either so as to form a singular collective noun, or an adjective; as, त्रिगुणं, fayu, "three qualities" (for yur:); fayu:, -m, -Ú, “ possessing the three qualities." The 5th, BAHUVRIHI,* or those formed

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of any number of words associated to form an epithet to a noun; as, चन्द्रप्रभः, -भा, -भं, “ brilliant as the moon "; मरणव्याधिशोकः, का, कं, "liable to death, sickness, and sorrow"; :, -¿, -❀, “welldisposed.'

Such then, in brief, is the native division of compound words, a division leading to some confusion, from the incompleteness and want of sufficient comprehensiveness in the definitions, and the absence of sufficient distinctness and opposition between the seve

* These names either furnish examples of the several kinds of compounds, or give some sort of definition of them. Thus, :, “his servant,” is an example of the 1st kind (fore you:); : is a definition of the 2d kind, meaning "conjunction"; is a definition of the 3d kind, i.e. “containing the object,” (); fa; is an example of the 4th kind, meaning “any thing to the value of two cows";f: is an example of the 5th kind, meaning “possessed of much rice." There is a 6th class of compounds called yap: avyayibhāvah, i.e. "the indeclinable state"; but these will be noticed under the head of compound adverbs.

For it is plain, from the

ral parts or members of the division. examples given, that the 5th class of compounds may often be regarded as another name for the first three, when they take the form of adjectives declinable in three genders; and that the second species of the 4th class is for this reason referrible to the 5th. The student, moreover, finds it difficult to understand why, if the definition of the 5th class of compounds be, that they are epithets of other nouns; such compounds as शस्त्रकुशल and मणिभूषित should not be comprehended under it. And further, he is often at a loss to refer a compound to its proper head,* from the inadequacy of the definitions to express all the cases included under each class.

In the following pages the subject is discussed according to a different method, although it has been thought desirable to keep the native arrangement in view.

Compound nouns may be regarded either as simply or complexly compounded. The latter have reference to a class of compounds within compounds, very prevalent in poetry, involving two or three species of simple compounds under one head.

SIMPLY COMPOUNDED NOUNS.

142. These will be divided into, 1st, Dependent in case (corresponding to Tatpurusha); 2d, Aggregative (Dwandwa); 3d, Descriptive † (corresponding to Karmadhāraya); 4th, Collective (corresponding to Dwigu); 5th, Relative (corresponding to Bahuvrihi). This last includes, a. Relative form of absolute Dependent compounds, terminated by substantives; b. Relative form of Aggregative compounds; c. Relative form of Descriptive compounds; d. Relative form of Collective compounds; e. Relative form of substantives in composition with certain adverbial prefixes.

* As, for instance, such a compound as YN, -M, -Ħ, “any thing black

and white."

† As being composed of an adjective or participle preceding a substantive, and always descriptive of the substantive. Prof. Bopp calls them "Determinativa,” a word of similar import. The names Dependent" and "Collective" were suggested by Prof. Bopp's "Dependentia" and "Collectiva."

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DEPENDENT COMPOUNDS, OR COMPOUNDS DEPENDENT IN CASE

(TATPURUSHA).

Accusatively Dependent.

crude) to the last is equiThey are generally coma participle or noun of

143. These comprehend all those compounds in which the relation of the first word (being in the valent to that of an accusative case. posed of a noun in the first member, and agency in the last; as, я:, -a, -Я, heaven ” (equivalent to स्वर्गं प्राप्त:); प्रियवादी, “ one who speaks kind

words"; बहुदः, "one who gives much";

arms."

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one who has obtained

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one who bears

a. Before the nouns of agency the accusative case is often retained, especially in poetry; as, wf, -æ, -Å, “ अरिन्दमः, -मा, -मं, enemysubduing"; §*:, -, -Ħ, “heart-touching "; wgt, -a, -i, fear-inspiring" (see r. 131. 1.).

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Instrumentally Dependent.

144. Or those in which the relation of the first word (being in the crude) to the last is equivalent to that of an instrumental case. These are very common, and are, for the most part, composed of a substantive in the first member, and a passive participle in the last; as, ifɛn:, -m, -i, “beguiled by avarice" (for a मोहित); वस्त्रवेष्टितः, -ता, -तं, " covered with clothes "; राज पूजितः, -ता, -तं, "honoured by kings"; fa:, -, -, “deserted by (i. e. destitute of) learning"; $, -, -, " pained with grief”; qu, -,-, "done by one's self"; fĘ14ɛN:, -NÎ, -Ñ, “like the sun (for आदित्येन, सदृश:).

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a. Sometimes, but rarely, this kind of compound contains a substantive or noun of agency in the last member; as, faruri, money acquired by science "; alustat, “one who lives by arms.

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Datively Dependent.

145. Or those in which the relation of the first word to the last is equivalent to that of a dative; as, fun, “bark for clothing";a:, -, -, “come for protection" (for UNA जागत). This kind of compound is very rare, and is generally supplied by the use of अर्थं (r. 139. e.) ; as, शरणार्थम् आगतः.

Ablatively Dependent,

146. Or those in which the relation of the first word to the last is equivalent to that of an ablative; as, us:, -a, -έ, "fallen from the kingdom (for राज्याद् भ्रष्टः ) ;

than you" (for ans:); wagu, “fear of you."

Genitively Dependent,

भवदन्यः,

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"other

147. Or those in which the relation of the first word to the last is equivalent to that of a genitive. These are the most common of all dependent compounds, and may generally be expressed by a similar compound in English. They are for the most part composed of two substantives; as, t, “sea-shore (for agent, “shore of the sea");, "horse-back "; समुद्रस्य तीरं, धनुर्गुण:, “ bow-string "; इष्टिकागृहं, “ brick-house "; गिरिनदी, “ mountain-torrent";:, “acquisition of wealth"; fч,"state of misfortune";:, "separation of friends"; "on whose brow" (loc. c.); , "his words"; fa, "on what account?" धर्म्मार्थं, “ on account of virtue "; मूर्ख शतै: “ with hundreds of fools (inst. c.);, "a couple of shlokas"; "the surface of the earth "; पृथिवीपतिः, “ lord of the earth "; तज्जीवनाय, “ for his support" (dat. c.); r:, "our sons"; "thy deed "; पितृवचनं, “ a father's speech "; मृत्युद्वारं, the gate of death "; इच्छासम्पत्, मात्रानन्दः, "fulfilment of wishes";, "a mother's joy."

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a. Sometimes an adjective in the superlative degree, used substantively, occupies the last place in the compound; as, : or पुरुषोत्तम:, “ the best of men."

b. In a few instances the genitive case is retained; as, faf:, "lord of men"; fequfa:, "lord of day."

Locatively Dependent,

148. Or those in which the relation of the first word to the last is equivalent to that of a locative case ; as, पङ्कमग्नः, -ग्ना, ग्नं, sunk in the mud ( for पङ्के मग्न ) ; गगण, विहारी, “ sporting in the sky; "sport in the water"; "a dweller in a village ";:, "born in the water."

ग्रामवासी,

a. It is very usual to retain the locative case, especially before nouns of agency; as, “a villager";

मामेवासी,

Y

"going in

the water"; fayfan:, -a, -Ħ, "ornamented on the breast" उरसि तं, (see r. 131. 1.).

Dependent in more than one Case.

149. Dependent compounds do not always consist of two words. They may be composed of almost any number of nouns, all depending upon each other, in the manner that one case depends

upon another in a sentence; thus, agfâqqıfımım:, -, -, passed beyond the range of the eye" (for चक्षुषो विषयम् अतिक्रान्तः) ; रथमध्यस्थः, “ standing in the middle of the chariot "; भीतपरित्राणवस्तूपालम्भपण्डितः, “skilful in censuring the means of rescuing those in danger."

AGGREGATIVE COMPOUNDS (DWANDWA).

150. This class of compounds has no parallel in other languages. When two or more persons or things are enumerated together, it is usual in Sanscrit, instead of connecting them by a copulative, to aggregate them into one compound word. No syntactical dependence of one case upon another subsists between the members of Dwandwa compounds, since they must always consist of words which, if uncompounded, would be in the same case; and no other grammatical connection exists than that which would ordinarily be expressed by the use of the copulative conjunction and in English, or in Sanscrit. And it should be observed, that the chief difference between this class and the last turns upon this dependence in case of the words compounded on each other; insomuch that the existence or absence of such dependence, as deducible from the context, is, in some cases, the only guide by which the student is enabled to refer the compound to the one head or to the other. Thus, गुरु शिष्य सेवका: may either be a Dependent compound, and mean "the servants of the pupils of the Guru," or an Aggregative, "the Guru, and the pupil, and the servant." And if may either be Dependent, "the blood of the flesh," or Aggregative, "flesh and blood." This ambiguity, however, can never occur in aggregatives inflected in the dual, and very rarely occasions any practical difficulty.

There are three kinds of Aggregative compounds: 1st, inflected