Adverbs of Uncertain Derivation. 134. Of Affirmation.—, eg, fa, a, “indeed"; fq, "even." a. Of Negation.,,afe, "not." मा, मास्म are prohibitive ; as,, "do not." is often used with the 3d preterite, the augment being rejected, as eff:, "do not " (p. 102.). मा कार्षीः, b. Of Interrogation. – किन्नु, कञ्चित्, नु, ननु, किमुह, " whether?” 66 c. Of Comparison. – इव, “ like "; एव, एवं, " 80"; किम्पुनर्, “ how much rather." सकृत्, d. Of Quantity.-,"exceedingly"; "a little "; q, $, “once"; असकृत्, पुनः पुनर्, मुहुस्, भूयस्, “repeatedly.” e. Of Manner.—sân, cả, “so,’ thus"; g, "again"; पुनर्, "for the most part"; 66 66 66 प्रायस्, variously "; q, "separately"; “ in vain "; अलं, “ enough "; झटिति, f, “silently.” f. Of Time.-,"to day," 66 तदानों, “ then "; पुरा, “ formerly "; पुरस्, पुरस्तात्, प्राक्,' * 66 * युगपत्, at once";,"instantly "; ù," after death"; qt,* "afterwards"; g, "ever "; ag, ever "; 7, “never.” g. Of Place.—, “here”; where?" वहिम्, 'without." h. Of Doubt.-faifan, afqqı, "perhaps." Adverbial Prefixes. 135. a prefixed to nouns and even to participles with a privative or negative force, corresponding to the Greek a, the Latin in, and the English in, im, un; as, from , "possible,”, “impossible"; from, "touching" (pres. part.), weyan, not touching. When a word begins with a vowel, is euphonically substituted; as, ,"end"; "endless." as,, "end";, is prefixed with the same sense. kā orku, prefixed to words to imply "disparagement "; दुर्र dur, prefixed to imply "badly," or with difficulty "; as, , "badly done" (cf. p. 15. note); fer, "not easily broken." It is opposed to, and corresponds to the Greek duo. * These, however, admit of derivation, and a few others less obviously. e. f nir and fa vi are prefixed to nouns like a with a privative or negative sense; as, fa, "powerless"; far, “unarmed"; but not to participles. 66 fsu, prefixed to imply "well," "easily"; as, an, 'well done";, "easily broken.” In this sense it is opposed to, and corresponds to the Greek ev. It is also used for fa, to imply "very," "excessively "; as, 4, "very great." CONJUNCTIONS. Copulative. 136. cha, "and," "also," corresponding to the Latin que and not et. It can never, therefore, stand as the first word in a sentence. It is not, however, like que, necessarily interposed between the first and second words, but may be admitted to any part of the sentence, being only excluded from the first place. a. f, "for," like is always placed after its word, and never admitted to the first place in a sentence. 6. यदि, चेत्, अथ, 66 b. ufe,, "if";,"then," "now," used very commonly as an inceptive particle. ततस्, upon that," "then" (r. 133. a.). अन्यच्च, किच, अपरच, परच, अपिच, “again," moreover," used very commonly before quotations., "also." 99.66 Disjunctive. 137. वा vā, or," corresponds to the Latin ve, and is always placed after its word, being never admitted to the first place in a sentence. तु, किन्तु, J, fang, "but "; the former is placed after its word; यद्यपि, तथापि, a correlative to the last ; अथवा, किम्वा, 99 'yet," sometimes used as 66 or else"; or not "; 66 स्म, ह, तु, वै, are expletives, often used in poetry with no other object than to fill up the verse. PREPOSITIONS. 138. Of all the internal evidences of the antiquity of Sanscrit, there is none more decisive than the sparing use which this language makes of prepositions, in expressing the dependence of one word upon another. These aids to syntactical combination are always to be regarded as a result of modern refinement, incom patible with the sternness and simplicity of the most ancient languages. Thus, even the Greek, which of all others is the most copiously provided with these auxiliaries, made comparatively small use of them in the days of Homer, and imitated the Sanscrit in expressing a variety of different relations by some of the cases of its nouns. It cannot be doubted that much ambiguity may result from this rigid rejection of any other aid to the construction of sentences than nominal inflection; but when, as in Sanscrit, even this inflection is but sparingly used, and long compounds are formed, consisting of words joined together in their crude state, the last only taking any case; and when even the assistance of a verb is often denied to guide the reader to the nature of the dependence of these words upon each other; we are forced to admit that this language would gain much in ease and perspicuity, if it were more abundantly supplied with such important elements of syntactical arrangement. But let not the reader imagine that no prepositions exist in Sanscrit. It will be found by a reference to r. 165. that they exist in great abundance, but only as inseparable prefixes, qualifying the sense of roots, and the nouns and verbs derived from roots. There are only three, out of all this list of prepositions, that are ever used in government with nouns; viz. ā, fi prati, and anu; and of these the two last are never so used, except as postpositions. 66 66 a. ā, generally signifying "as far as, up to," governs the ablative case ; as, आसमुद्रात्, “ as far as the ocean "; आमनोः, “ up to Manu"; and rarely the accusative, as, “for a hundred births." But instances are not common of words in regimen with this preposition. 66 b. f prati, generally signifying “at," 66 66 against," governs the accusative; as, if, "at the Ganges "; धर्मं प्रति, “ with regard to justice"; शत्रुं प्रति, “ against an enemy.' It sometimes has the force of apud; as, i fa, "apud me," as far as regards me." 99 66 c. अनु is occasionally found governing the accusative; as, तदनु, after that." The preposition, however, is not separated from the word which it governs, and may be regarded as forming with it a kind of adverbial compound, especially as instances are not uncommon of other prepositions united in composition with the neuter form or accusative case of nouns; as, fi,“ upon the shoulders "; प्रतिमुखं, “ face to face"; अधिवृक्षं, “ upon the tree "; अनुगङ्गं, “ along the Ganges" (see r. 171. 6.). ADVERBS USED FOR PREPOSITIONS. 66 139. There are certain adverbs used for prepositions in government with nouns, but generally placed after the nouns which they govern. a., "besides," governing the accusative and sometimes ablative case. , "up to," as far as," sometimes found with the accusative. 6. सह, साईं, “ with,” “ along with," governing the instrumental. विना, c. f, "without," with the instrumental or accusative, or sometimes the ablative. d. af, "out" and f, "inde a," "from a particular time," with the ablative. e. अर्थे, अर्थे, हेतोः, हेतौ, कृते, निमित्ते, “on account of,” “for the sake of," with the genitive, or more usually with the crude form. Juft, "above" (cf. iñeр, super), with the genitive. So अधस् or अधस्तात्, “ below "; समीपं सकाशं, “ near "; सकाशात् “ from "; अये, , &c., “in the presence of"; "after"; "before"; ,"without," " except"; "within"; all governing the genitive. उपरि and अधस् are sometimes doubled ; thus, उपर्युपरि, अधो-धः. 66 INTERJECTIONS. 140. :,,, are vocative;,, less respectfully vocative, or sometimes expressive of contempt. f expresses "abhorrence "; सा:, अहो, अहह, "surprise "; हा, हाहा, अहो, अहोषत्, “ grief"; साधु, ,"approbation"; f, "salutation." CHAPTER IX. COMPOUND WORDS. COMPOUNDS abound in Sanscrit to a degree wholly unequalled in any other language, and it becomes necessary to study the principles on which they are constructed, before the learner can hope to understand the simplest sentence in the most elementary book. In the foregoing chapters we have treated of simple nouns, simple verbs, and simple adverbs. We have now to treat of compound nouns, compound verbs, and compound adverbs. Observe, that in this chapter a dot placed underneath marks the division of the words in a compound. SECT. I.-COMPOUND NOUNS. 141. The student has now arrived at that portion of the subject in which the use of the crude state of the noun becomes most strikingly apparent. This use has been already noticed at r. 36., pp. 19, 20; and its formation explained, pp. 21—27. In all com pound nouns (with some few exceptions) the last word alone admits of declension, and the preceding word or words require to be placed in the crude form, this crude form admitting of a plural as well as singular signification. Native grammarians class compound nouns under five heads: the 1st they call TATPURUSHA, or those composed of two nouns, the first of which (being in the crude) would be, if uncompounded, in a case different from, or dependent on, the last; as, moon-light" (for, "the light of the moon "); -ला, -लं,* “skilled in arms " ( for शस्त्रेषु कुशलः) ; मणिभूषितः, ता, तं * Observe, that in this chapter the nom. case, and not the crude, of a substantive terminating a compound will be given, and in the instance of an adjective forming the last member of a compound, the nom. case masc., fein., and neut. The examples are chiefly taken from the Hitopadesha, and sometimes the oblique cases in which they are there found have been retained. |