Imatges de pàgina
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bhogya; from grah, grihya, as well as grahya; from vad, ūdya; from yaj, ijya; from shās, shishya (p. 90. d. f.); from khan, kheya.

k. Many of these latter are used as substantives, and there are other examples of substantives formed with this affix; as, t (fem.), “a wife," from ч, "to support," &c.

Declension of Future Passive Participles.

Si

They are all declined like nouns of the first class, pp. 31, 32. Thus, kartavya; nom. m. f. n. kartavyah, kartavyā, kartavyam. milarly, karaniya and kārya.

PARTICIPLES OF THE SECOND FUTURE.

Formation of the Crude.

130. These are not very common.

They are of two kinds, either as belonging to the parasmaipada, or to the ātmanepada; the former being formed by changing anti, the termination of the 3d plur. of the 2d fut., into at; the latter by changing ante into amana. Thus, from karishyanti and kariṣhyante, “they will do," karishyat and karishyamāņa (fun after), “about to do"; from the passive 2d fut. vakshyante, "they will be said," vakshyamāna, "about to be said."

These participles, in the mode of their formation from the 3d pers. plur., by the affixes at and amāna, resemble present participles, r. 123.

Declension of Participles of the Second Future.

a. Their declension also conforms to that of present participles. Those of the parasmaipada are declined according to p. 136. b., and those of the atmanepada according to p. 137. b.

PARTICIPIAL NOUNS OF AGENCY.

131. These have been already incidentally noticed in Chap. III. As, however, they partake of the nature of participles, and are of great practical utility, some further mention of them is necessary in the present chapter. They may be classed under three heads; 1st, as formed from the root; 2dly, as formed from the 1st future; 3dly, as formed from the causal base.

1. The crude of the first class is formed from the root by affixing a, before which Guna, and rarely Vriddhi, of a final vowel is required; as, from ji, "to conquer," jaya (¬¬), “conquering.” Medial vowels are generally unchanged; as, from vad, “to say," vada, "saying"; from tud, "to vex," tuda, "vexing": and final ā, am, or an, are dropped; as, from dā, "to give," da (₹), “giving"; from gam, "to go," ga (), "going"; from jan, "to be born," ja, "being born" (see their declension, r. 38. 1. and p. 31.). These nouns of agency are constantly used in poetry as a substitute for the present participle,* sometimes governing the same case as this participle, but always united with the word which they govern in one compound; thus, puranjaya (), "city-conquering"; priyamvada (fi), "speaking kind words"; jalechara (1) “going in the water"; sarasija, “lake-born.” The word which they govern often remains in the crude form; as, from tejas and kri, tejaskara, “light-making" (s remaining unchanged, in violation of r. 29.); from manas and hṛi, manohara, “ mind-captivating" (r. 29.); from bahu and dā, bahuda, “giving much"; from and, ,"self-knowing."

आत्मन्

2. The crude of the second class is formed from the 3d pers. sing. of the 1st future of primitive verbs, by substituting the vowel ri for the final vowel ā, the nominative case being therefore identical with the 3d pers. sing. of that tense (see p. 77. r. 100. p. 37. and r. 41.), Thus, from bhoktā, "he will eat," bhoktri, "an eater" (nom. bhoktā); from, "he will fight,", "a fighter"; from yāchitā, yāchiṭṛi; from,, &c. This noun of agency is sometimes, but rarely, found as a participle governing the case of the verb; as, “speaking a speech" (Draupadīharaṇam, 32.); ni, "bearing the Ganges" (Ratnāvali, p. 1.). वोढा बहुमार्गगां,

3. The crude of the third class is formed in three ways.

a. By adding in to the root, before which affix changes take place similar to those required before the causal affix ay (r. 107. c. d.); as, from kṛi, kārin (af), “a doer"; from han, ghātin, a killer”; from shī, shāyin, “a sleeper": y being inserted after roots

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* Implying, however, habitual action, and therefore something more than present time.

in ā, as, from pā, pāyin, “a drinker"; from dā, dāyin, “a giver' (see their declension, r. 43. iii. and p. 43.). This noun of agency has often, like the first class, the sense of a present participle, and is then always united with the crude of the word which it governs in one compound: thus, from manas and hri, manoharin, "mindcaptivating" (r. 29.). It sometimes, also, governs the case of the verb, being still united with the word which it governs in one compound; as, grāmevāsin, “dwelling in the village.”

b. By adding aka to the root before which affix changes take place analogous to those before the causal ay (r. 107. c. d. e. f.); as, from kri, kāraka (), "a doer," "doing"; from nī, nāyaka, “a leader," "leading"; from grah, grāhaka; from sidh, sādhaka; from han, ghātaka; from 4,4; from kram, kramaka; from nand, nandaka; from sthā, sthāpaka (see their declension, r. 38. ii. and p. 31.). This participial noun is also often joined with the crude of the noun which it governs in one compound word; as, “effecting the business." It is very rarely found governing the case of the verb; as, golfa yun, “kissing the buds" (Ratnāvali, p. 7.).

c. By adding ana to some few roots ending in consonants, after changes similar to those required before the causal affix; as, from nand, nandana, “rejoicing"; from,, "vitiating"; from ,, "cleansing" (see their declension, r. 38. iii. and p. 31.)

CHAPTER VIII.

INDECLINABLE WORDS.

Adverbs.

132. Adverbs, like nouns and verbs, may be divided into simple and compound. The latter are treated of in the next Chapter on Compound Words.

Simple adverbs may be classed under four heads; 1st, as

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formed from the cases of nouns; 2dly, as formed with affixes 3dly, as of uncertain derivation; 4thly, as prefixes to other words. Adverbs formed from the Cases of Nouns.

The following cases of nouns are used adverbially :

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a. The nominative or accusative neuter of any adjective; as, सत्यं, “ truly "; बहु, "much";, fat, "quickly "; ya, "fitly "; समीपं, “ near”; लघु, “ lightly "; निर्भरं, अत्यन्तं गाढं, भृशं, “ exceedingly "; अवश्यं, “ certainly "; नित्यं, “ constantly "; बलवत्, strongly." The nom. or acc. neuter of certain pronouns; as, π, 'therewhen ''; तावत् "wherefore," so long as "; यावत्,

fore";

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as long as"; fa, “why?" The nom. or acc. neut. of certain substantives and obsolete words; as, "secretly";,

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ingly "; " by name," that is to say "; art art," repeatedly "; वारं वारं, चिरं, “ long ago "; सुखं, “ pleasantly "; साम्प्रतं, “ now "; नक्तं, “ by night" (noctu).

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b. The instrumental case of nouns and pronouns; as, , virtuously "; दक्षिणेन, southwards"; Jatu, northwards ,"above"; :, "below"; "slowly"; "therefore"; ,"wherefore." The instr. case of certain obsolete nouns ; as, fu, "for a long time"; fat, "in a short time "; fa," by चिरेण, day"; fa, "fortunately"; g, n, "quickly"; wy, "now." दिष्ट्या, सहसा, c. The ablative case of a few nouns and pronouns; as, "forcibly";, "at a distance";

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from the north": and of a few obsolete nouns; as, fun, “for a long time ";, "afterwards."

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d. The locative case of a few nouns and obsolete words; as,

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,"at night";, "far off"; "in the forenoon"; 'suitably";, “in front "; v, “at once "; auf, “instantly "; ,"within."

Adverbs formed with Affixes.

133. चित् chit, अपि api, and चन chana, may form Indefinite adverbs of time and place, when affixed to interrogative adverbs; as, from कदा, “ when?” कदाचित्, कदापि, and कदाचन, “ sometimes "; from कुत्र and क, “ where?” कुत्रचित् कुत्रापि, क्वचित्, क्वापि " somewhere "; from "whence?" and "from somewhere"; from

कुतस्,

कर्हि, "when?" affer, "at some time"; from i, “how?” कथञ्चन, somehow or other " (cf. r. 85.).

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a. tas (changeable to : or, r. 29.) may be added to any noun, and to some pronouns, to form adverbs; as, from , TMN:, "with effort"; from wife, if:, "from the beginning"; from (the proper crude of the pronoun), :, “thence"; similarly, अतः, इतः, "hence." This affix usually gives the sense of the prepositions with and from, and is often equivalent to the ablative case; as, in ɛɛ:, "from me";,"from thee but it is sometimes vaguely employed to express other relations; as, qua:, "behind the back"; :, "in the first place"; :, sides"; "in front "; :, "near to."

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b. tra, forming adverbs of Place; as,

"there";, "where?" यत्र,

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here";,

where";, "everywhere ";

अन्यत्र, “ in another place"; एकत्र, " in one place"; बहुत्र, “ in many places";," there," "in the next world."

तथा,

c. tha and tham, forming adverbs of Manner; as, t, "so"; "as";, "in every way"; "otherwise"; , “how?”, “thus.”

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यथा,

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अन्यथा,

d.dā, forming adverbs of Time from pronouns, &c.; as, t, 'then ";, "when";," when?", once"; नित्यदा, "constantly";, çi, “always."

e. ч, dhā, forming adverbs of Distribution from numeral adjectives; as,, "in one way"; fa, "in two ways";, "in six ways"; "in a hundred ways"; g, “in a thousand ways"; "in many ways."

f.

बहुधा,

vat may be added to any noun to form adverbs of Similitude ; as, from सूर्य्य, सूर्य्यवत्, “ like the sun "; from पूर्व, पूर्ववत्,

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as before."

g. shas, forming adverbs of Quantity; as, TN:, “abundantly";:, “in small quantities"; :, "singly "; muguN:, "by hundreds and thousands"; :, "by degrees.”

* These are the forms generally used for the ablative case of the personal pronouns, the proper ablative cases, being never used except as substitutes for

the crude, in compound words.

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