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INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLES.

128. These may be classed under two heads: 1st, as formed by affixing twa to uncompounded roots; as, from bhu, "to be," bhūtwā, "having been "; 2dly, as formed by affixing ya to roots compounded with prepositions or other adverbial prefixes; as, from anubhu, anubhūya, “having perceived"; from sajjībhū, sajjībhūya, "having become ready." These indeclinable participles are of the utmost importance, and some of the chief peculiarities of the syntax of the language are to be traced to the frequency of their occurrence.

The sparing use made in Sanscrit composition of relative pronouns, conjunctions, and connective particles, is partly to be attributed to the continual appearance of these indeclinable participles, by means of which the sense of a whole clause may be suspended, and sentence after sentence strung together without the aid of a single copulative. The sense involved in them is generally expressed by the English "when," "after," " having," or "by "; thus, tat kritwā (), "when he had done that," "after he had done that," "having done that,' by doing that."

कृत्वा),

99.66

See syntax.

Formation of the Indeclinable Participle from Uncompounded Roots. a. When the root stands alone and uncompounded, the indeclinable participle is formed with twa.*

This affix is closely allied to the ta of the passive past participle, r. 125., insomuch that the rules for the annexation of ta to the root apply equally to the indeclinable affix twā. The formation, therefore, of one participle generally involves that of the other; thus, kshipta, "thrown," kshiptwā, “having thrown";, “ done,” कृत्वा, “ having done "; so स्थित, स्थित्वा दृष्ट, दृष्ट्वा ; दत्त, दत्त्वा ; पीत, पीत्वा ; क्रान्त, क्रान्त्वा ; गृहीत, गृहीत्वा ; उषित, उषित्वा ; उक्त, उक्ता; बुद्ध, बुड्डा ; ऊढ, ऊदा; हित (from धा), हित्वा . And where is inserted i there is often an optional change of the

radical vowel to Guna, as

* There are one or two instances in which an uncompounded root takes ; as, ,"having reverenced."- Manu, 7th Book, 145. I. 4. Mahābh. 3. 8017.

in the passive participle (r. 125. h.); thus, dyutitwā or dyotitwū from dyut ; and मृष् always takes Guna (मर्षित्वा). There are a few instances in which the inserted i is admitted before twa, although rejected before ta; as, lagna, lajjitwā; and, vice versâ, as fan, उष्ट्वा.

b. A penultimate nasal is not always rejected before twā; thus, from रञ्ज, रक्त, but रंका or रक्ता, the rejection in the indeclinable participle being generally optional.

c. The causal verb, which rejects its characteristic ay before the ita of the passive participle, retains it before itwā. Thus, sthāpita, "made to stand" (from the causal base sthāpay), but sthāpayitwā, "having made to stand."

d. The only important variation from the passive participle occurs in those roots which take na for ta (r. 125. a.). In such roots no corresponding change takes place of twā to nwā. Thus, from नॄ, जीर्ण, but जरित्वा (or जरीत्वा ) ; from तृ, तीर्ण, but तीत्वा ; from छिद, चित्र, but दिला; from भन्, भग्न, but भंक्ता or भक्ता; from रुज्, रुग्न, but रुक्त्वा ; from हा, हीन, but हित्वा, “having quitted ” (not distinguishable from fe, “having placed," from ).

*

Formation of the Indeclinable Participle from Compounded Roots. When a root is compounded with a preposition or indeclinable word, the indeclinable participle cannot be formed with twā." The affix ya is then used, and the rules which regulate its annexation to the root are some of them analogous to those which prevail in other cases in which y is affixed; see the rules for the formation of neuters (r. 89.), passives (p. 90.), and the benedictive mood (p. 85.).

งา

a. But if a root end in a short vowel, instead of any lengthening of this vowel, t is interposed; as, from āshri, “to take refuge (root f), ashritya, "having taken refuge"; from faf, fatur; from उत्पु, उत्पुत्य; from संस्कृ, संस्कृत्य; from निःसृ, निःसृत्य . The lengthening of the radical vowel by coalition does not prevent this rule; as, from atë (ati with i), atītya.

b. If a root end in long ā, ī, or u, no change takes place: as, from vihā, vihāya; from upakrī, upakrīya; from vidhū, vihhūya. c. If in long, this vowel becomes ir; as, from 1, अवकीर्य. But from आपृ, आपूर्य .

d. Final diphthongs pass into ā: as, from fe, परिवीय) ; from अभिध्यै, अभिध्याय; from अवसो, अवसाय. with व्यव, व्यवस्य; from आहे, आहूय.

feru (also

But from सो

e. A penultimate nasal is generally rejected; as, from samāsanj, samāsajya; from pramanth, pramathya (used adverbially, "violently "); but from आश, आशय; from चलिङ्ग, आलिङ्ग्य

f. If a root end in a consonant the general rule is, that no change takes place; as, from nikship, nikshipya; from prāp (pra and up), prāpya; from vīksh (vi and īksh), vīkshya.

g. But some roots ending in am and an may optionally reject the nasal, and interpose t between short a and ya; as, from nirgam, nirgatya or nirgamya; from nihan, nihatya. Jan and khan instead of interposing t, lengthen the a; as, from utkhan, utkhāya.

h. The changes which take place in certain roots before the y of the passive (p. 90. f.) are preserved before ya; as, from fae, विगृह्य; from आप्रछ्, आपृझ; from āvyadh, āvidhya; from vivas, vyushya. स्फुर् lengthens its vowel before ya ; as, विस्फूये.

i. In affixing ya to causal bases the characteristic ay is generally rejected:* as, from prabodhay, prabodhya (); from LY, प्रसारय्, प्रसाय्यै; from सन्दर्शय्, सन्दर्श्य.

Adverbial Indeclinable Participle.

There is another indeclinable participle yielding the same sense as those formed with twã and ya, but of very rare occurrence except in the Bhaṭṭi kāvya. It is equivalent to the accusative case of a noun derived from a root, used adverbially; and is formed by adding am to the root, before which affix changes of the radical vowel take place, similar to those required before the causal affix ay (p. 86. c.). Thus, from ni, "to lead," nāyam, "having led"; from pā, "to drink," pāyam, "having drunk"; from hwe, hwāyam; from pach, pācham; from kship, kshepam; from han, "to kill," ghātam. It often occupies the last place in a compound; as in

* It is retained in some few instances; as, fa, “having calculated"; ,"having imagined";, "having narrated."

†There are one or two instances of compounded roots formed with twā; as, ga(from ), Rām. 1. 2. 20. Especially in the case of causals, as ff.

U

the expression, "having totally exterminated"; and in the following passage from Bhatti :

लतानुपातं कुसुमान्यगृह्णात् स नद्यवस्कन्दमुपास्पृशच्च

कुतूहलाच्चारुशिलोपवेशं काकुत्स्थ ईषत्स्मयमान अस्त

"The descendant of Kakutstha, smiling softly, repeatedly bending down the creepers, would pluck the blossoms; descending to the streams, would sip (the waters); seating himself on some variegated rock, would recline in admiration (of the scene)."

These participles generally imply repetition of the action, as in the passage above, and in this sense are themselves often repeated; as, dāyam, dāyam, “having repeatedly given."

FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLES.

129. These are amongst the most common and useful of all participles, and may be classed under three heads: 1st, as formed with the affix tavya; 2dly, as formed with aniya; зdly, as formed with य ya. These affixes yield a sense corresponding to the Latin dus and the English able and ible, and most commonly denote obligation or propriety and fitness. Thus, from bhuj, "to eat," bhoktavya, or bhojaniya, or bhojya, "edible," "eatable," "that ought to be eaten "; from vach, "to speak," vaktavya, or vachanīya, or vāchya, "to be spoken," "dicendus." They sometimes denote simple futurity; as, “about to be eaten ": and as the passive past participle supplies the place of a past tense, so the future passive participle may supply the place of a future tense passive; as in the following sentence, यदि पक्षी पतति तदा मया खादितव्यः, “If the bird falls, then it shall be eaten by me.

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Formation of Future Passive Participles with the affix tavya. a. These are formed by substituting tavya for tā, the termination of the 3d pers. sing. of the 1st future. Thus, from ksheptā, “he will throw," ksheptavya, "to be thrown"; kartā, "he will do," kartavya, "to be done "; from bhavita, "he will be," bhavitavya, "about to be." And in the case of roots ending in consonants rejecting i, whatever changes take place before tā, the same take place before tavya (see p. 80.); thus, tyaktā, tyaktavya (relinquendus); et, neq; gel, ; boddha, boddhavya; dagdhā, dagdhavya, &c.

Formation of Future Passive Participles with the affix

aniya.

b. This affix is added directly to the root, without any other change than the Guna of the radical vowel. Thus, from fa chi, "to gather," na chayaniya, “to be gathered "; from bhū, bhavaniya; from कॄ, करणीय (r. 21.) ; from लिख, लेखनीय; from शुघ्, शोधनीय ; कर्षणीय (r. 21.). amч (r. 21.). A final diphthong

from स्पृश्, स्पर्शनीय; from कृष्
is changed to ā; as, from,; fromà,

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Formation of Future Passive Participles with the affix ya.

c. Before this affix, as before all others beginning with y, certain changes of final vowels become necessary. If a root end in ā, or in e, ai, o, changeable to ā, this vowel becomes e (cf. p. 85. a.); as, from mā, “to measure," meya, “to be measured,” “measurable”; from hā, heya; from dhyai, dhyeya, &c.

d. If in i, i, u, or u, these vowels take Guna; as, from chi, cheya. But the Guna o is changed to av, and sometimes e to ay, before ya (as if before a vowel): thus, from bhū, bhavya; from ji, "to conquer," jayya. The Guna o, however, oftener passes into av before y; as, from,; from plu, plāvya.

e. If in ri or rī these vowels take Vriddhi; as, from कृ, कार्य्य. f. Sometimes if a root end in a short vowel no change takes place, but t is interposed, after the analogy of the indeclinable participle formed with ya (p. 144. a.), so that the crude of the future participle is not distinguishable from the indeclinable, except by the absence of a preposition. Thus, from ji, jitya, “conquerable"; from stu, stutya, "laudable"; from kri, kritya, "practicable."

g. If a root end in a single consonant with a medial a, Vṛiddhi sometimes takes place; as, from grah, grāhya: but not always; as, from shak, shakya; from sah, sahya; from badh, badhya; and rarely if the final is a labial; as, from gam, gamya; from labh, labhya.

h. If with a medial i or u, Guna generally takes place; as, from bhuj, bhojya; from lih, lehya.

i. If with a medial ri, no change takes place; as, from TMπ, ¿§. j. A final ch may be changed to k, and j to g; and other changes may take place, some of which are similar to those before the y of passives; as, from pach, pākya; from vach, vākya; from bhuj,

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