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In

of constant occurrence. It corresponds to the Latin participle in tus, and, like it, often supplies the place of the past tense. neuter roots, especially those which imply motion of any kind, it is used actively, and often stands for the perfect tense active; as, faat ufag:," he entered his hole"; "he went to the village." And in all cases this participle may be used to supply the place of the past tenses of the passive verb, the agent being placed in the instrumental case, and the participle agreeing with the object: as, àa quenfa fsenf, "by him the bonds were cut." Moreover, it may be used with the auxiliary verbs and, "to be," to form a compound past or future tense, as the Latin participle is used with the auxiliary sum. Thus, sf, "he has obtained"; ff, "he will have obtained"; fm, "I am gone";f, "it is done." कृतमस्ति, Lastly, it is sometimes used in the neuter gender for a substantive; as,, a gift "; खातं, an excavation."t

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अस्

This participle may be regarded as falling under four heads: 1st, as derived from roots; 2dly, as derived from causal bases; 3dly, as derived from desiderative bases; 4thly, as derived from nominal bases.

1. Derived from Roots.

कृ

a. In general the crude is formed by adding ta (a) directly to the root; as, from farq kship, “to throw," kshipta, "thrown "; or if the root end inr, by adding na (); as, from krī, “to scatter," kīrṇa, “scattered.” Some roots in ā, ī, and ū, some in ai preceded by two consonants, with some of those in d, r, and j, rejecting inserted i, also take na instead of ta.

b. Roots ending in vowels do not admit inserted i in this

* This kind of construction is exceedingly common in Sanscrit, and has been transferred from it to Hindustani. The particle ne in this latter language corresponds most clearly to the Sanscrit na, which is the usual sign of the instrumental case, and can never occasion any difficulty if it be regarded in this light.

† In a few instances this participle has a present signification; as, , "fearing,” fen, "standing."

participle, although they may admit it in the futures* (p. 79. a. b. c.), but attach ta or na directly to the root: as, from yā, yāta; from ji, jita; from nī, nīta; from shru, shruta; from bhū, bhūta; from ; from, (r. 21.); from li, lina; from, u; from

lū, lūna.

c. But in certain cases the final vowel of the root is changed; thus, some roots in ā change ā to i before ta: as, from sthā, sthita ; from mā, mita; from daridrā, daridrita. Dha, "to place," becomes hita; dā, “to give," datta ;† pā, "to drink," pīta.

"to quit," becomes hi before na (†).

na and ta; as, from,

sition निर, निर्वाण and निर्वात.

Hā,

Some roots in ā take both

and

; from with the prepo

d. Roots inrī change rī to ir before na, which passes into na (m) by r. 21.; as, from 7, "to pass,","passed."

from पृ, पूर्ण, “full.”

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But

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e. The root dhe, to suck," becomes dhi before ta; hwe, "to call," hū (n); ve, “to weave,” u (—).

f. Roots in ai generally change ai to ā, before na or ta; as, from mlai, "to fade," mlāna; from, "to meditate,” ध्यात; from दै, to purify,” दात; from त्रै, “ to rescue,” त्राण or त्रात. But from, "to sing," ; from, "to waste,"

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66

66

g. Roots in to change o to i; as, from so, sita; from, f. h. Those roots ending in consonants which take the inserted i (p. 79. d.) generally take this vowel also in the past participle. In such cases ta is affixed, and never na; as, from pat, to fall," patita, "fallen "; and if u or ri precede the final consonant of the root, these vowels may take Guna; as, from dyut, dyotita; from मृष्, मर्षित. Grah, lengthens the inserted i (, “taken ").

i. Roots ending in consonants which forbid the inserted i must be combined with ta, agreeably to the rules at pp. 67, 68. Whatever form, therefore, the final consonant assumes before the termination tā of the 1st future (p. 80.), the same form will gene

* शो, however, makes शयित, and पू may be पवित as well as पूत.

† When prepositions are prefixed to datta, the initial da may be rejected; thus, atta for ādatta, "taken "; pratta for pradatta, "bestowed"; vyatta for vyādatta, "expanded"; paritta for paridatta; sutta for sudatta, the i and u being lengthened.

rally be preserved before the ta of the past participle; so that, in many cases, this participle may be derived from the 3d sing. of the 1st future by shortening the final a, and, if necessary, restoring the radical vowel to its original state. Thus, taking some of the examples at p. 80; shaktu, "he will be able," gives shakta, “able"; sektā, "he will sprinkle," sikta, "sprinkled "; moktā, mukta; eɩ, чe; tyaktā, tyakta; yoktā, yukta;, ; ATÊT, HE; सृष्ट माष्टी, seddhā, siddha; boddhā, buddha; yoddhā, yuddha; ksheptā, kshipta ; loptā, lupta; sarptā, sripta; kalptā, klripta; labdhā, lubdha ; वेष्टा, विष्ट ; द्रष्टा, दृष्ट; क्रोष्टा, क्रुष्ट; तष्टा, तष्ट;

labdha; lobdhā,

एष्टा, इष्ट ; द्वेष्टा, द्विष्ट ; दोष्टा, दुष्ट; क्रष्टा, कृष्ट; दग्धा, दग्ध; सोढा, सोढ; नड्डा, नड्ड; गाढा, गाढ; लेढा, लौढ (p. 68. 71.); देग्धा, दिग्ध; स्नेग्धा, स्निग्ध; रोढा, रूढ (p. 68. h.); मोढा, मूढ; or मोग्धा, मुग्ध; दोग्धा, दुग्ध; गोढा, गूढ.

j. Most roots ending in d, forbidding the inserted i, take na instead of ta, and are combined with na, agreeably to r. 15; as, from pad, panna; from ad, anna; from bhid, bhinna; from , with the preposition fa, faun (r. 30. and 21.)

k. Those roots ending in j, which take na, change j to g before na; as, from vij, vigna; from ruj, rugna. So from masj, rejecting the s, magna; from lasj, lagna.

7. Some roots which admit in the futures, forbid it in this participle ; as, धृष्, in 1st fut. धर्षिता, in part. घृष्ट ; so अर्द, अर्दिता, but अत्रे (with ā prefixed, आते, “ pained"); हह, दर्हिता, but दृढ; मद्, मदिता,

m. If in forming the passive base (p. 90. f.), or in the 2d pret. (p. 76. d.), the v or y contained in a root are changed to their semi-vowels u or i, the same change takes place in the pass. participle; thus, from vach, "to say," ukta; from vap, upta; from ऊढ; from स्वप्, सुप्त; from यज्, इष्ट. Similarly, from दिव्, छून or छूत ; from त्वर्, तूर्ण.

n. Some other changes which take place in forming the passive base (see p. 90. d. f.) are preserved before ta; thus, from æ, fàe; from व्यघ्, विद्ध. And when the root ends in two conjunct consonants, of which the first is a nasal, this nasal is rejected; as, from बन्ध्, बद्ध; from भ्रंश, भ्रष्ट; from सन्न, सक्त; from सत्र, सक्त; from भञ्ज्, भग्नः but not if i is inserted; as, from खराइ, खण्डित; from क्रन्द्, क्रन्दित (except मन्थ्, making मथित).

o. Roots ending in m or n reject these nasals before ta; as,

from gam, to go," gata; from yam, yata; from ram, rata; from tan, tata; from han, hata: but retain them if i is inserted; as, from swan, swanita. From jan, "to be born," is formed jāta; from khan, khāta; the a being lengthened.

p. Those roots ending in m, of the 4th conjugation, which lengthen a medial a before the conjugational affix y, also lengthen it before ta, and change m to n as in the futures; thus, from kram (r. 89. a.), krānta; from bhrām, bhrānta; from sham, shānta; from dam, dānta; from ksham, kshānta; from klam, klānta. Similarly, from vam, vānta; from kam, kānta.

q. From स्फाय्, “ to swell,” is formed स्फीत; from प्याय्, पीन or प्यान. r. The following are quite anomalous; from pach, “to cook," pakra; from शुष्, " to dry, " शुष्क; from शीव्, “ to be drunk,” क्षीव.

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2. Derived from Causal Bases.

r. In forming the passive past participles from these, the causal affix ay is rejected, but the inserted i is always assumed. Thus, from kāray, kārita; from sthāpay, sthāpita; from veday, vedita.

3. Derived from Desiderative Bases.

s. In adding ta to a desiderative base, the only rule to be observed is the invariable insertion of i; as, from pipās, pipāsita; from chikirṣh, chikirṣhita; from īps, ipsita.

4. Derived from Nominal Bases.

t. There are in Sanscrit certain participles, which are said to be formed by adding ita to nouns. Thus, from farfum, “loose,” ffaf, "loosened"; from f, "crooked," fafer, "curved." These may be regarded as the passive participles of the transitive nominal verbs शिथिलयति, जिह्मयति ( r. 122. 6 ) ; and whenever this kind of adjective is found, it may indicate that a nominal verb is in use, whence the participle is derived.

Declension of Passive Past Participles.

They all follow the declension of the first class of nouns (r. 48. 49. 50.), and in this exhibit a perfect similarity to the declension of the Latin participle in tus. Thus, krita, nom. masc. fem. neut.

Since h is equivalent to s and a to u, the nom. might be written -tus, -tā, -tum,

ACTIVE PAST PARTICIPLES.

126. These are of two kinds; 1st, those derived from the passive past participle; 2dly, those derived from the second preterite. These latter rarely occur. The former are much used (especially in modern Sanscrit, and in the writings of commentators), to supply the place of a perfect tense active. Thus, tat kritavān, "he did that "; tat kritavati, "she did that." They may also be used with the auxiliaries as and bhu, to form a compound perfect tense; thus, tat kritavān asti, "he has done that"; tat kritavān bhavishyati, "he will have done that."

Formation of the Crude.

a. In the case of those derived from the passive past participle, the crude is easily formed by adding vat to that participle. Thus, from krita, kritavat (); from dagdha, dagdhavat; from ukta, uktavat; from bhinna, bhinnavat; from sthāpita, sthāpitavat, &c.

b. In the case of those derived from the 2d pret., either vas or ivas is added to the base of that tense, as formed in the dual and plur. Vas, when the base in the dual and plur. consists of more than one syllable; as, from vivid (p. 96.), vividwas; from chichi (p. 96.), chichivas. But ivas, when the base in the dual and plur. consists of one syllable only; as from ten (p. 96.) tenivas; from jaym (p. 77. c.), jagmivas. There is an ātmanepada participle of the 2d pret. formed by adding āna to the base; thus, vividāna, chichyāna, tenāna, jagmāna.

Declension.

127. Those formed from the passive past participle are declined. r. 62.; thus, kritavat, nom. masc. fem. neut. kritavān, kritavati, r. 49., kritavat.

Those formed from the 2d pret. are declined in the last paragraph of p. 44.; thus, vividwas, nom. masc. fem. neut. vividwān, vividuşhī, vividwah; and chichivas, nom. chichivān, chichyuṣhi, chichivah. Those formed with ivas do not retain i in the fem.; thus, tenivas, nom. masc. fem. neut. tenivān, tenushi,* tenivah; and jagmivas, nom. jagmivān, jagmuṣhi, jagmivah. The atmanepada participles are declined like nouns of the first class, p. 31.

* Similarly the instr. case masc. is tenuṣhā. There seems, however, much difference of opinion as to the rejection of i, and some Grammarians make the fem. tenyushi, and the inst. masc. tenyuṣhā.