Bened. दासीय or दायिषीय, &c. ; cond. अदास्ये or अदायिष्ये. Root कृ. Inf. कर्त्तुं, “ to be made or "done" (p. 90. b.). क्रिये क्रियेथे क्रियावहे क्रियामहे First Preterite.-"I was made." अक्रिये अक्रियावहि सक्रियामहि अक्रियथाः अक्रियेथां अक्रियध्वं अक्रियत अक्रियेतां अक्रियन्त Imperative.-"Let me be made." क्रियै क्रियावहै क्रियामहै क्रियख क्रियेथां क्रियध्वं अकृषि or अकारिषि lor कारिताहे कारितास्वहे कारितास्महे, &c. Second fut. करिष्ये or कारिष्ये, &c. • Third Preterite. DUAL. PLURAL. अकृष्वहि or अकारिष्वहि | अकृमहि or अकारिमहि अकृथाः or अकारिष्ठाः | अकृषाथां or अकारिषाथां अकारि, “ it was done,” अकृषातां or अकारिषातां अकृढुं or अकारिध्वं अकृषत or अकारिषत Bened. कृषीय or कारिपीय; cond. अकरिष्ये or अकारिष्ये. The following is an example of a passive verb from a root ending in a consonant. Root युज. 66 Infin. योक्तुं, “ to be fitting." Pres. युज्ये, “ I am fitting, ” युज्यसे, युज्यते, &c. ; 1st pret. अयुज्ये, अयुज्यथाः, अयुज्यत, &c. ; pot. युज्येय, &c. ; imp. युज्यै, युज्यस्व, युज्यतां, &c. ; 2d pret. युयुजे, युयुजिपे, युयुजे &e; 1st fut. योक्ताहे, योक्तासे, योक्ता, &c. ; 2d fut. योक्ष्य, योक्ष्यसे, योक्ष्यते, &c. ; 3d pret. अयुक्षि, अयुक्या:, अयोजि अवहि, अयुक्षायां, &c. ; bened. युक्षीय, &c. ; cond. अयोध्ये, &c. , DESIDERATIVE VERBS. 119. Although this form of the root rarely appears in its character of a verb, yet nouns and participles derived from the desiderative base are not uncommon (see p. 23. xiii. r. 40., and p. 141. s.). Some explanation, therefore, of its structure is indispensable. Moreover, there are certain roots which take a desiderative form, without exactly yielding a volitive signification; and these, as being equivalent to primitive verbs (amongst which they are sometimes classed), may occur in the best writers. For example, jugups, "to blame," from the root gup; chikits, "to cure," from kit; titiksh, to bear," from tij; mīmāns, “to reason," from man; bībhats, "to abhor," from bādh. 66 The Terminations. a. Desideratives take the terminations of the regular scheme at p. 63., and their inflection either in the par. or ātm. is determined by the practice of the primitive verb. Thus, the root budh, taking both inflections in the primitive, may take both in the desiderative (bubodhishāmi, &c., or bubodhishe, &c.); and labh, taking only the atm. in the primitives, may take only the atm. in the desiderative (lipse, &c.). FORMATION OF THE BASE. Conjugational Tenses. b. The initial consonant and vowel of the root are reduplicated, and if the root inserts i in the primitive (see p. 79.), then iṣh is affixed if the root rejects i, then simply s, changeable to sh, is affixed. Thus, from kship, "to throw," the base chikships (fafafa chikshipsāmi, &c.); but from vid, "to know," taking inserted in the primitive, vividish (fafafua vividiṣhāmi, &c.). The reduplication of the consonant is strictly in conformity with the rules laid down at p. 75., and that of the vowel of the initial consonant follows the analogy of causal third preterites (p.88.); that is, the vowel i (generally, however, short) is reduplicated for a, ā, i, ī, ri, ṛī, e, or ai; but the vowel u for u, u, and o. Thus, * * And if the root begin with a vowel the reduplication still follows the analogy of the same tense ; thus, from ash, ashish, and with ish added, ashishish. See p. 89. S from pach, pipaksh; from yuch, yiyāchish; from jiv, jijivish; from drish, didriksh; from sev, sisevish; from gai, jigās; but from yuj, yuyuksh; from pū, pupūṣh. c. It has been said that the annexation of ish or s to the reduplicated root is generally determined by the assumption or rejection of inserted i in the primitive. When ish is affixed, the radical vowel may in general be optionally changed to Guna. Thus, from mud, either mumodish or mumudish. * d. When s is affixed to roots ending in vowels it has the effect of lengthening a final i or u, and changing ri or rī to īr; thus, from chi, chichish; from shru, shushrush; from kri, chikīrsh; from trī, titīrsh. When to roots ending in consonants, the radical vowel remains unchanged, but the final consonant combines with the initial sibilant, in accordance with the rules laid down in pp. 67. 68. ; as, from yudh, yuyuts (p. 68. b.); from dah, didhaksh (p. 69. i.). 66 e. The following roots form their desiderative bases anomalously. From dā, “to give,” dits (ditsāmi, “I wish to give"); from āp, "to obtain," ps; from dhā, dhits; from ji, “to conquer,' jigish; from chi, chikish, as well as chichish; from han, to kill," jighāns; from मह्, जिघृक्ष ; from प्रच्छ, पिपृच्छिम् ; from स्वप्, सुषुप्स् ; ; from "to be able," fa; from, "to obtain," f; from शक्, रभ, रिप्स्; पत्, पित्स्. Non Conjugational Tenses. The second preterite is formed by affixing am to the desiderative base, as already formed, and adding the second preterite of either one of the auxiliaries kṛi or bhū (see p. 77.g.). Thus from pach, the 2d pret. pipakshāṁchakāra, “I wished to cook." In all the remaining tenses it is an universal rule that inserted i be assumed after the desiderative base, whether formed by s or ish, except in the bened. par. Thus, 1st fut. of pipaksh, 1st pers. sing. pipakshitāsmi, &c.; 2d fut. pipakshishyāmi, &c. ; 3d pret. apipakshiṣham, &c. (form 1. p. 81.); bened. par. pipakshyāsam, &c.; ātm. pipakshishiya, &c.; condit. apipakshishyam, &c. So, also, taking vividish (formed with ish from vid), the 1st fut. is vividiṣhitāsmi; 2d fut, vividiṣhiṣhyāmi ; 3d pret. avividishisham, &c. * But the root पॄ may make पुपूर्व् ; भृ, बुभूर्ष् ; and INTENSIVE OR FREQUENTATIVE VERBS. and in a few nouns, It gives intensity roots signifying "to 120. This form of the root is even less used than the desiderative. In the present participle, however, it may sometimes appear (r. 38. xiii. and 124.). to the radical idea, especially in the case of shine," "to be beautiful," or "to lament." Thus, from dip, "to shine," comes the intensive form dedipy, "to shine brightly," and the present participle dedīpyamāna (see r. 124.); so also from shubh, shoshubhy and shoshubyamāna; from rud, rorudy and rorudyamāna. There are two kinds of intensive verb, the one a reduplicated ātmanepada verb, conforming, like neuter and passive verbs, to the 4th conjugation, and usually found in a neuter or passive signification; the other a reduplicated parasmaipada verb, formed analogously to the 3d conjugation. The first of these is the only form ever likely to occur. The Terminations. The terminations may be either those of the atm. of the regular scheme at p. 63., or the par. of the irregular scheme at p. 66. ; the former being adapted to that form of intensive which results from a reduplication of the passive; the latter to that form which bears analogy to the 3d conjugation. FORMATION OF THE BASE OF THE ATMANEPADA FORM OF INTENSIVES. Conjugational Tenses. The general rule is, that the initial consonant and vowel of the passive base be reduplicated. The consonant being reduplicated according to the usual rules (p. 75.), with the Guna substitute of the radical vowel, whether it be long or short. Thus, from the passive base diy (of dā, “to give ") comes the intensive base dediy (dediye, dediyase, &c., see p. 127.); from hy (passive of hā), jehīy (jehiye, &c.); from story, testery; from puy, popuy; from vidy, vevidy; from budhy, bobudhy. If the passive base contain a medial a, long ā is substituted in the reduplication, as papachy from pach; sāsmary from smary: if a medial a, e, or o, the same are reduplicated; as yāyāchy from yäch, seṣhevy from sev, lolochy from lochy: if a medial ri, then arī is substituted in the reduplication, as daridrishy from drishy, parīsprishy from sprishy. If a passive base contain fri, this becomes in the intensive base; as from faч (pass. of, "to do"). If the base begin with a, as in aty (from, “to wander”), the initial aț is repeated, and the radical ā lengthened, thus aṭāty. If the passive base contain a nasal after short a, this nasal is often repeated; as from gam, jan gamy (, &c.), “to walk crookedly"; from bhram, bambhramy. The passive bases japy, jalpy, dashy, bhajy, and some others, may insert nasals, instead of lengthening the vowel in the reduplication. Thus janjapy, &c. Pady inserts ni; as panipady; and from chary is formed chanchury; from hany, jeghnły; from ghray, jeghriy; from dhmay, dedhmiy. Non-Conjugational Tenses. In these tenses intensives follow the analogy of passives and reject the affix y. Since, however, the base of the second pret. is formed by affixing ām (as usual in all polysyllabic forms, p. 77. g.), and since, in all the other tenses, inserted i is assumed, a coalition of vowels might arise were it not allowed to retain the y in all cases in which a vowel immediately precedes that affix.* Thus, from dedipy is formed the 2d pret. (1st pers. sing.) dedīpānchakre, &c. rejecting y; but from dediy, dediyānchakre, &c. retaining it. Similarly in the other tenses: 1st fut. dedīpitāhe, &c.; dediyitāhe, &c.: 2d fut. dedipiṣhye, &c., dediyiṣhye, &c.; 3d pret. adedīpişhi, &c., adediyishi, &c. ;! bened. dedipiṣhiya, &c., dediyishiya, &c.; cond. adedipishye, &c., adediyishye, &c. FORMATION OF THE BASE OF THE PARASMAIPADA FORM OF INTENSIVES. Conjugational Tenses. 121. The base is here also formed by a reduplication similar to that of atmanepada intensives; not, however, from the passive, but from the root. Thus from the root pach, pāpach; from vid, vevid; from drish, darīdrish; from kṛi, charīkṛi.† Moreover, in accordance with the rules for the 2d and 3d conjugation (pp. 69. 70.) the radical vowel requires Guna before the P terminations of the scheme (p. 66.). Hence the two bases veved and vevid (pres. vevedmi, vevetsi, vevetti; dual, vevidwah, &c.; 1st pret. avevedam, avevet, avevet, avevidwa, &c.; pot. vevidyām, &c.; imp. * In passives this coalition of vowels is avoided by the change of a final vowel to Vriddhi, as of chi to chay, of hu to hāv, and of kṛi to kār; and by the change of final ā to āy, as of da to day, see r. 113. In the par. form of intensive, the reduplication may also be daridrish, charikṛi, or, according to the general rule dardrish, charkri. |