Imatges de pàgina
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a and ri into ar. Thus, parama ishwara become parameshwara; hita upadesha, hitopadesha; gangā udakam, gangodakam; tava riddhih (f:), tavarddhih (af:).

6. If a word end with a or ā, when the next begins with the Guna letters e, o, or the Vriddhi ai, au, then a or a with e or ai, coalesce into the Vriddhi ai; a or a with o or au, into au: as, deva aishwaryam become devaishwaryam; vidyā eva become vidyaiva; alpa ojas, alpaujas; tathā aushadham, tathaushadham.

7. If a word end with i, u, ri, short or long, when the next begins with any other dissimilar vowel, i and i are changed to the corresponding semi-vowel y; u or ū to v; ṛi or rī to r: as, prati uvācha become pratyuvacha; tu idānīm, twidānīm; matṛi ānanda (मातृ आनन्द) become mātrānanda ( मात्रानन्द).

Thus,

8. If a word end with the diphthongs ai or au, when the next begins with any vowel, ai is changed to āy, and au to āv. tasmai uktah becomes tasmāyuktah; dadau annam, dadāvannam. 9. If a word end in e or o, when the next begins with a short, then e and o remain unchanged, and the initial a is cut off. Thus, te api are written te 'pi (sf); so api are written so 'pi («fq).

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10. If a word end in e, when the next begins with any other vowel except a short, then e is supposed to be first changed to ay ; but the y is usually dropped, leaving the a uninfluenced by the following vowel. Thus, te āgatāh becomes ta āgatāh, (a

:).

† It so happens that o, as the final of a complete word, is never likely to come in coalition with any initial vowel but short a. But in the case of e or o, as the finals of roots or crude forms, when the termination to be annexed begins with any vowel, whether a, a, i, or any other, then e is changed to ay, and o to av. Thus, je ati become jayati, bho ati become bhavati.

The following Table exhibits all the combinations of vowels at one view. Supposing a word to end in ū, and the next word to begin with au, the student must carry his eye down the first column (headed "final vowels") till he comes to ū, and then along the top horizontal line of “initial vowels," till he comes to au. At the junction of the perpendicular column under au and the horizontal line beginning u, will be the required combination, viz. v au.

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† Observe, that in this table the final letter, in its changed state, has been printed, for greater clearness, separate from the initial;

except in those cases (in the second and third lines), where the blending of the two vowels made this impossible.

they must be written without any separation, as already seen in the opposite page.

But in a sentence

SECT. II.-COMBINATION OF CONSONANTS.

11. Before proceeding to the rules for the combination of consonants, let the alphabet be regarded attentively as divided into two grand classes, as exhibited in the following Table.

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12. If any surd letter end a word when any sonant begins the next, the hard is changed to its own unaspirated soft; thus, karmakrit bhavati becomes karmakrid bhavati; vāk asti, vāg asti; chitralikh asti, chitralig asti.

† It may be proper here to remark, that in writing a Sanscrit sentence, when the words have undergone those changes which the laws of combination demand, they may either be written separately, as in the examples just given, or often more correctly without any separation; as, karmakṛidbhavati (afā); vāgasti (f). The student is therefore to observe, that although in the following examples, each word will, for greater clearness, be printed separately from the next, it would accord more with the practice of the natives of India to print them without any separation. There are two cases, however, in which there remains no option, but in which words must always be written together without separation. 1st, when a final and initial vowel blend together into one sound (see examples, r. 4-8); 2dly, when either crude forms or adverbs are joined with other words to form compounds (see Chap. IX. on Compound Words).

13. If any sonant letter end a word when any surd begins the next, the soft is changed to its own unaspirated hard.* Thus,

If the final be an aspirated sonant letter, and belong to a root whose initial is g, d, or b, the aspirate, which is suppressed in the final, is transferred back to the initial letter of the root. Thus, vedabudh asti becomes vedabhud asti.

tad karoti becomes tat karoti; vāg patih, vāk patih; kshudh pipāsā, kshut pipāsā. But as very few words in Sanscrit end in any other consonants than t and d, the nasals, Visargah, the dental sibilant s, and r, it will be sufficient for all practical purposes that the attention be confined to the changes of these consonants. To begin, therefore, with t and d.

CHANGES OF FINAL AND d.

General rule.

14. T becomes d before g, gh, d, dh, b, bh, h, y, r, v, and all vowels. See example, rule 12.

*

D becomes t before k, kh, t, th, p, ph, s. rule 13.

See example,

Before the nasals, palatals, and the letter 1, final t and d undergo a change in form as well as quality, as in the following special rules.

Change of t or d to n, before n or m.

15. If t or d end a word when the next begins with a nasal, the t or d is usually changed to its own nasal. Thus, tasmāt na becomes tasmān na; tasmāt mūrkha, tasmān mūrkha.

† A final k is subject to a similar rule. Thus, vāk mama become vān-mama (tega). (वाङ्मम).

Assimilation of t or d with ch, j, l.

(वाक् मम) would

16. If t or d end a word when the next begins with ch, j, or l, the tor d assimilates with these letters. Thus, bhayat lobhat cha becomes bhayal lobhāch cha; tad jīvanam, taj jīvanam.

Combination of t or d with sh.

17. If t or d end a word when the next begins with sh, then

* Before the vowels of terminations t remains unchanged; thus, the accusative case of Harit is Haritam, not Haridam; and the third person singular of the verb yat is yatate, not yadate.

t or dare changed to ch, and the initial

sh to chh. Thus,

tat shrutvā (तत् श्रुत्वा) becomes tach chhrutvā ( तच्छ्रुत्वा ).

Combination of t or d with h.

18. If a word end in t or d when the next begins with ह् h, the final t is changed to d (by rule 12), and the initial ₹ to v dh. Thus, tad harati ( तद् हरति ) is written tad dharati ( तद्धरति ).

† By a similar rule, and on the same principle, are written words ending in k followed by initial; as vāk harati (◄◄ ₹ifa), vāg ghurati (aufa).

CHANGES OF THE NASALS.

Changes of final n before vowels and before t, ch, sh, l. 19. If the lettern, preceded by a short vowel, end a word when the next begins with any vowel, the n is doubled. āsan atra becomes āsann atra; tasmin eva, tasminn eva.

Thus,

20. If n end a word when the next begins with t, ch, or their aspirates, a sibilant is inserted between the two words, according to the class of these last initial letters; and then is then expressed by Anuswara, according to rule (p. 5, †). Thus, asmin tu becomes asminstu (f); kasmin chit becomes kasminshchit (कस्मिंश्चित् ).

ተ sh, they may either remain unchanged, or they may be combined in either one of the two following ways. 1st, the final न् may be changed to ¬ ; as, भवान् शूरः is written भवाञ्शूरः. 2dly, the may also be changed to; as, A

If n end a word when the next begins with श्

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If न् end a word when the next begins with 1, the n assimilates with the 7, and the mark is placed over the preceding vowel. As, pakshān lunati is written पक्षाँलुनाति .

If the crude form of a word end in n, this n is rejected in forming a compound word, or before any affix. Thus, rājan purusha is compounded into rāja

purusha; and if v into

dhanitwa.

; and dhanin, with the affix twa, becomes

Change ofn, not final, ton, after ri, r, sh, preceding in the same

word.

21. The letters to the cerebral r.

r, a șh, are cerebrals, and the vowel ri is allied

Hence, if the letter n (not final) should follow

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