व्य ०y, स्य sy, प्य py, त्र्य try, त्य ty, न्य ny, श्य shy, ष्य shy, भ्य bhoy, ध्य dhry, द्ग dg, द्ग dgr, ख्य khy, च्य chy, क्ष्य kshy, ग्ध gdh, ब्ध bdh, इ ddh, स dbh, व dro, प्त pt, प्न pm, प्र pr, श्व shr, व shch, व shune, श्न slim, ग्र ४४, गूgn, क्र ker, टू dr, छू chher, के ri, र्म्स rmm, वे rvv, ङ्ख nikih, ङ्ग ng, ग dg, ञ्च rich, ञ्छ nichh, ञ्जnj, र्य्य ryy, ङ्क n. k, राट !, राठ th, ष्ठ shith, ष्ट्र shitr, राड ņd, न्त nt, त्न tn, राय !y, स ??, ष्ट sht, च chch, च्छू chchh, ज्ज jj; त्थ tth, त्त्व ttho, Tim, हू ह्यddhay, म्य gry, ध्व dhune, ब्ज bji, ब्भ bbh, hr, द्म dm, क्व kero, क्ल kil, ग्ल gl, ह्य hy, ह्म him, क्क kk, ज्व jni, झ dbhy, dhin, न्ध ndh, क्ष्ण kshin, क्ष्म kshan, क्त kur, क्तय kily, य n. ky, त्स्य tsy, त्म्य tmy, ह्य doy, द्य dry, रायdy छ chhiy, ठ्य thy, ह्य ddy, ह्ल hl, स्ख skh. SANSCRIT GRAMMAR. CHAPTER I. LETTERS. THE Sanscrit language is written in the character called Devanāgarī. The following are the Devanagari letters, with their equivalents in the Roman character. Observe that ar and ār are not distinct letters, but have been inserted amongst the diphthongs for reasons that will be afterwards apparent. That the semi-vowels have been placed in both Tables, as falling under the first, in their relation to i, u, ri, lri; under the second, in their relation to j, d, d, b. That h at the end of a word stands for Visargah (:). That when n is found before the semi-vowels y, v, r, l, the sibilants sh, sh, s, and the aspirate h in the middle of a word, it represents the symbol Anuswāra ; and that m at the end of a word always represents the same symbol. That the vowels and will be represented by ri and ri, as distinguished from ft ri and ↑ rī, which represent the consonant r combined with the vowels i and 7. Lastly, that the palatal sibilant will be represented by sh, as distinguished from sh, which represents the cerebral sibilant ч. ON THE METHOD OF WRITING THE VOWELS. The vowels assume two forms, according as they are initial or not initial. Thus, ik is written, but ki is written fa; short i, when not initial, being always written before the consonant after which it is pronounced. Short a is never written, unless it begin a word, because it is supposed to be inherent in every consonant. Thus, ak is written, but ka is written; the mark under the final k being used to shew that it has no a inherent in it. The vowels u, ū, and ri, rī, not initial, are written under the consonants after which they are pronounced; as,, ku, kū; ą, Ţ, kṛi, krī. * †The Sanscrit is said to possess another vowel, viz. ¿ri, which has not been given, as it only occurs in one word in the language. The only use of introducing it in a Table like the above, is to shew the perfection of the Devanagari alphabet; for without it, we have no corresponding vowels or diphthongs to the semi-vowel l; but, with it, the last line of the Table may be filled up thus, T * When, however, u follows it is written thus, ru; and when u follows, thus, rū. |