198. Why come ye not to Court? Wolsey sits as chancellor in the Star Chamber His cardinal's hat and by other courtiers, are well shown in a ranting, abusive poem by the contemporary poet John Skelton. It is called Why come ye not to Court? The answer to the question is to be found, according to Skelton, in the arrogance and overwhelming influence of the lowborn cardinal. Skelton and most of his contemporaries were unable to appreciate the great abilities and far-reaching measures of the great minister. He is set so hye That in the Chambre of Starres Some say yes, and some With braggynge and with bost. Whyles the red hat doth endure, Our barons be so bolde, For drede of the mastyve cur, For and this curre do gnar, To holde up their hande at the bar. He pluckes them by the hode, Theyr wyttes, he saith, are dull; And maketh them to bow theyr kne Juges of the kynges lawes, He countys them foles and dawes; In pledynge of theyr case At the Commune Place, Or at the Kynges Benche; He wryngeth them suche a wrenche, Wolsey said to be son of a butcher of Ipswich He dictates to the judges of Common Pleas and King's Bench Dare nat set theyr penne To plete a trew tryall Why come ye not to court? To whyche court? To the kynges court, Or to Hampton Court? Wolsey's two London palaces are more visited than the king's court 199. Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn Hath the preemyence, It shall be as he wyll. III. THE EARLY STAGES OF THE REFORMATION The following love letter, written from Henry to Anne Boleyn in May, 1528, may serve to introduce the period of his life when his dispute with the pope about the grant of a divorce transformed the king from an opponent of all forms of the Reformation to an influential advocate of many changes in the earlier organization of the English church. My Mistress and Friend: I and my heart put ourselves in your hands, begging you to recommend us to your favor, and not to let absence lessen your affection to us. For it were great pity to increase our pain, which absence alone does sufficiently, and more than I could ever have thought; bringing to my mind a point of astronomy, which is, that the farther the Moors are from us, the farther too is the sun, and yet his heat is the more scorching so it is with our love; we are at a distance from one another, and yet it keeps its fervency, at least on my side. I hope the like on your part, assuring you that the uneasiness of absence is already too severe for me; and when I think of the continuance of that which I must of necessity suffer, it would seem intolerable to me, were it not for the firm hope I have of your unchangeable affection for me; and now, to put you sometimes in mind of it, and seeing I cannot be present in person with you, I send you the nearest thing to that possible, that is, my picture set in bracelets, with the whole device, which you know already, wishing myself in their place, when it shall please you. This from the hand of Your servant and friend, H., REX. The court appointed by the pope to examine Henry's claim that his marriage with Catherine had not been lawful, met in London in June, 1529, but no result was reached. The following account is by the chronicler Hall. The court being thus furnished and ordered, the judges 200. Sitting commanded the crier to proclaim silence; then was the of Cardinals judges' commission, which they had of the pope, published Campeggio Wolsey and and read openly before all the audience there assembled. as a court to That done, the crier called the king, by the name of " King investigate the marriage Henry of England, come into the court," etc. With that the of Henry and king answered and said, "Here, my lords!" Then he called Catherine also the queen, by the name of "Catherine Queen of England, come into the court," etc.; who made no answer to the same, but rose up incontinent out of her chair, where as she sat, and because she could not come directly to the king for the distance which severed them, she took pain to go about unto the king, kneeling down at his feet in the sight of all the court and assembly, to whom she said in effect, in broken English, as followeth : "Sir," quoth she, "I beseech you for all the loves that hath The queen's been between us, and for the love of God, let me have justice appeal to the king and right; take of me some pity and compassion, for I am a poor woman and a stranger born out of your dominion; I have here no assured friend, and much less impartial counsel; I flee to you as to the head of justice within this realm. Alas! sir, wherein have I offended you, or what occasion of displeasure have I designed against your will and pleasure, intending, as I perceive, to put me from you? I take God and all the world to witness, that I have been to you a true, humble, and obedient wife, ever conformable to your will and pleasure, that never said nor did anything to the contrary thereof, being always well pleased and contented with all things wherein you had any delight or dalliance, whether it were in little or much, I never grudged in word or countenance, or showed a visage or spark of discontentation. I loved all those whom ye loved only for your sake, whether I had cause or no; and whether they were my friends or my enemies. This twenty years I have been your true wife or more, and by me ye have had divers children, although it hath pleased God to call them out of this world, which hath been no default in me. And when ye had me at the first, I take God to be my judge, I was a true maid, without touch of man; and whether this be true or no, I put it to your conscience. If there be any just cause by the law that ye can allege against me, either of dishonesty or any other impediment, to banish and put me from you, I am well content to depart to my great shame and dishonor; and if there be none, then here I most lowly beseech you let me remain in my former estate, and receive justice at your hands. The king, your father, who was in the time of his reign of such estimation through the world for his excellent wisdom that he was accounted and called of all men the second Solomon; and my father Ferdinand, king of Spain, who was esteemed to be one of the wittiest princes that reigned in Spain, many years before, were both wise and excellent kings in wisdom and princely behavior. It is not therefore to be doubted but that they elected and gathered as wise counselors about them as to their high discretions was thought meet. Also, as me seemeth, there was in those days as wise, as well learned men, and men of as good judgment as be at this present in both realms, who thought then the marriage between you and me good and lawful. Therefore it is a wonder to hear what new inventions are now invented against me, that never intended but honesty, and cause me to stand to the order and judgment of this new court, wherein ye may do me much wrong, if ye intend any cruelty; for ye may condemn me for lack of sufficient answer, |