MANS.

folk, but now the property of the Duke of Newcastle, who
has decided on pulling it down; Clumber, the seat of the
latter; Thoresby, of Lord Newark; and Welbeck, of the
Duke of Portland. Hence, in popular language, this part
of the county is called the dukery.
MANSFIELD, t., Lamoille co., Vt., 20 m. E. by N. Burling-
ton, 20 m. N.W. Montpelier. It contains the highest peak
of the Green mountains, 4279 feet above tide-water. Drain-
ed by Waterbury and Brown's rivers. It has two saw
mills; four schools, 77 scholars. Pop. 223.

MANSFIELD, p. t., Bristol co., Mass., 29 m. S.S.W. Bos-
ton, 421 W. Chartered in 1770. Watered by branches of
Taunton river, called Rumford, Cocasset and Canoe rivers.
It contains two churches, a Congregational and Methodist,
five stores, one woollen factory, three grist-mills, three
saw-mills; eight schools, 345 scholars. Pop. 1382.
MANSFIELD, p. t., Tolland co., Ct., 24 m. E. Hartford, 360
W. Watered by Willimantic river, Nachaug river and
its branches, which afford water-power. It is noted for the
production of silk, which has progressed from 1793 to the
present time. A large amount of sewing silk is exported.
The amount of silk cocoons produced in 1840, was 6151
pounds, reeled silk, 2250 pounds, value $18,050. It contains
four churches, two Congregational, a Methodist and Bap-
tist, five stores, one woollen factory, one cotton factory
with 1000 spindles, four grist-mills, five saw-mills, three
tanneries, one pottery; 17 schools, 613 scholars. Popula-
tion 2276.
MANSFIELD, p. t., Cattaraugus co., N. Y., 5 m. W. Elli-
cottville, 300 m. W. by S. Albany, 342 W. Drained by
Cattaraugus creek, and tributaries of Alleghany river. It
has one store, two saw-mills; six schools, 252 scholars.
Pop. 942.
MANSFIELD, p. t., Warren co., N. J., 48 m. N.N.W. Tren-
ton, 207 W. Drained by Musconetcong and Pohatcong
creeks. It contains iron ore and a chalybeate spring. The
Morris canal winds through the town. Some farmers sell
3000 bushels of wheat, annually. It contains eight stores,
one grist mill, three saw-mills; 12 schools, 1027 scholars.
Pop. 3057.

MANSFIELD, t., Burlington co., N. J., 7 m. N. Mount Holly. Bounded N.W. by Delaware river. Drained by Black's Craft's and Assiscunk creeks. It contains several villages, and has five stores, one fulling-mill, one grist-mill, one saw-mill, two distilleries, one pottery; 12 schools, 144 scholars. Pop. 2401.

MANSFIELD, p. v., capital of Richland county, O., 63 m. N.N.E. Columbus, 378 W. It is pleasantly situated on elevated ground, near a branch of Mohiccan creek, and contains a courthouse, jail, six churches, 17 stores, two printingoffices, 300 dwellings and 1328 inhabitants.

MANTUA.

MANTINEIA, a celebrated city of ancient Greece, in Arcadia, the ruins of which, close to the wretched hamlet of Palaiopoli, in a marshy plain watered by the Ophis, and enclosed S.E. by the rugged heights of Parthenion and Artemisium, are about 7 m. N. Tripolizza, and 17 m. W. by S. Argos. The walls, probably built soon after the battle of Leuctra (B.C. 371), are similar to those of Messene, and enclose an oval space in which the city stood; they have square towers, and the whole exhibits an interesting specimen of Grecian fortification. A ditch, or fosse, round the walls, is supplied by the Ophis; which, at certain sessions, would inundate the plain were it not absorbed by a chasm (karáßaðρov), through which its waters find a subterraneous vent. Mantineia had eight temples, besides a theatre, stadium, hippodrome, and several other monuments enumerated by Pausanias. (Arcadia, chapter 8-11.) Some imperfect remains of the theatre are still visible, no other ancient building can be identified; and everything, except the enclosing walls, is in a state of total dilapidation. (Dodwell, ii., 422.)

But Mantineia is wholly indebted for its long-continued celebrity to the great battle fought in its vicinity, anno 362 B.C., between the forces of Sparta and Thebes, and their allies; in which Epaminondas, the leader of the Thebans, and the most illustrious, perhaps, of all the warriors of Greece, fell in the moment of victory. Xenophon is very brief in his account of the battle; but it may be collected from his statement that, on the whole, the plan of the Theban general succeeded in all its parts. The charge of the Theban and Thessalian cavalry, which commenced the attack, was completely successful and prepared for the deeper impression made by the column of Theban and Arcadian infantry. But, in the critical moment, when the phalanx of the Lacedæmonians had been broken, and a decisive victory appeared to be secured, Epaminondas received a mortal wound; and, being carried to a rising ground, whence he might view the scene of combat, would not allow the weapon to be extracted till assured that the victory had been won, when he almost immediately expired. But his fall, and the consternation thence arising, paralysed the successful army. They kept the ground they had gained, but did little or nothing more. Hence it was that the result of this great contest disappointed the expectations of those who had supposed that it would be decisive of the fate of Greece. "The Gods," says Xenophon, "decided otherwise. Each party claimed the victory, and neither gained any advantage; territory, town, and dominion was acquired by neither; but indecision, trouble, and confusion, more than ever before prevailed throughout Greece." (Xen. Hell., 1. vii., c. 5, ad finem.) This, however, is the statement of a partisan of Sparta, and is not quite fair. The Theban confederacy was, on the whole, decidedly successful. They efiectually broke the power and humbled the pride of Sparta; and, by re-establishing the independence of the Messenians, the old and inveterate enemies of the Lacedemonians, they obtained a new guarantee against any dangerous increase of their power in future. (See Mitford's Greece, sect. viii., cap. 28.)

Mantineia was taken and sacked by Antigonus during the

honour of the conqueror, to Antigonia, which it retained till the time of Adrian, who restored its original appellation.

MANS (LE) (an. Suindinum and Cenomania), a town of France, dep. Sarthe, of which it is the cap., on the Sarthe, here crossed by three bridges, 50 m. N.E. by N. Angers, and 120 m. S.W. Paris. Pop. in 1836, ex. com., 19,103. It stands partly on the declivity of a hill, and partly beside the river. The latter portion is very ill-built, and has narrow crooked streets, impassable for carriages; but the upper town, though irregular, is open, and tolerably well built, its houses being of stone, roofed with slate. A hand-wars of the Achæan league; and its name was changed, in some new quarter has been laid out, having a large square in its centre; and there are two good public promenades, one along the bank of the Sarthe. The Romans surround- MANTUA (Ital. Mantova), a fortified town of Austrian ed the ancient city with walls, a portion of which, on the Italy, prov. Lombardy, cap. deleg. Mantua, on both sides the N.N.E. side, remains nearly perfect; but the modern town Mincio, 21 m. S.S.W. Verona, and 37 m. E. by N. Cremona; is of no strength. Le Mans has several remarkable eccle- lat. 45° 9′ 16′′ N.; long. 100 48' 10" E. Pop., in 1837, siastical structures. Its cathedral, begun in the 9th, but 26,865. Its situation is peculiar, being in fact nearly surnot finished till the 16th century, is a fine Gothic edifice, rounded by lakes, partly natural, and partly formed by dam416 feet in length, with a large square tower, 212 feet in ming up the waters of the river. The mounds, or dams height, the supports of which in the interior are ornament- constructed for this purpose, are sometimes called bridges, ed with numerous statues. The choir is inferior in ele- from their being perforated with arches, to allow the supergance only to that of Beauvais; and the stained glass win-flous water to escape; and by these the town is connected dow in the 8. arm of the cross is much admired for its richness. The church of St. Julian is an interesting edifice of the 11th century. Another church, built in the 13th century, presents a combination of the Gothic and antique style. The new prefecture, the town-hall, and the theatre, are handsome buildings. Le Mans has two hospitals, a seminary, with a library of 15,000 volumes, a public library, with 45,000 printed volumes and 500 MSS., in excellent preservation; several other libraries, museums of natural history, antiquities, and painting, the latter having several works by Guido, A. Durer, Teniers, Vandyk, &c.; a royal society of arts, a communal college, schools of drawing, midwifery, &c. It has manufactures of linen and coarse woollen stuffs, wax candles, &c.; and a considerable trade in these, and in rags, iron, salt, wine, brandy, and agricultural produce. Le Mans has suffered much from the ravages of war at different periods; and, in 1793, it was the scene of the last struggle between the Republian and Vendean forces. (Hugo, art. Sarthe; Guide du Voyageur, &e.)

with the Borgo di Fortezza, or strong citadel of Porto on the N., and with the Borgo di San Giorgio. The latter, as well as the town itself, is surrounded by strong walls; to the S.E. is the outwork of Pradelba, and to the S. the fortified island of Cerese, or T., from its alleged resemblance to that letter. The fortifications, though not imposing in their appearance, are very strong, and kept in excellent order; and their strength and the position of the place render it one of the bulwarks of Italy. Mantua has some good streets and squares, but, on the whole, it is ill-built and dirty. Many of the inhabitants live in cellars, its population has declined, and it has a decayed appearance. Its best part is the Piazza Virgiliana, a large square, surrounded with trees, and open to the lake. The climate is subject to great extremes, and in summer the exhalations from the surrounding swamps make it very unhealthy; though, of late years, the Austrian government has exerted itself, by draining part of the marshes, and opening a passage for the stagnant waters, to lessen its insalubrity. Several of the public edifices in Mantua were designed or adorned by Giulio Romano.

MANZANARES.

MARAGA.

A

But the cathedral, planned by that great artist, is said by and it may still, perhaps, amount to 20,000. It stands on as Woods to be a bad imitation of the church of Santa Maria arid and sandy soil, partly on the shore of a small inlet of Maggiore, at Rome; it has double ranges of side isles, and the strait, and partly on a tongue of land which projects the columns stand very wide apart. The church of St. into it. Several of its houses are built of a compound of Andrea, begun in 1470, but not completed till 1782, was de- lime and sand, without stone, but they are nearly all thatchsigned by Alberti, and is said by Woods to be very superior ed with reeds; and, as the greater number consist wholly to the cathedral, and to be, indeed, one of the handsomest of reeds and straw, the town has a mean appearance, and churches in Italy: it has fine statues of Faith and Hope, by is very subject to fires. A handsome parish church, a Canova. The old ducal palace (Palazzo Vecchio) is a large chapel, a Franciscan convent, and a hospital, are the only imposing building; and, were it perfect, would be one of public buildings of which modern travellers make mention. the finest palaces in Europe. It is beautifully floored with The harbour of Maracaybo, within the bar at the entrance porcelain, and was formerly splendidly adorned with Flem- of the straits, has deep water; and is defended by the three ish and Mantuan tapestry and rich furniture; and, though castles of San Carlos, Zapara, and Bajo Seco, situated on repeatedly despoiled, it has still to boast of a room painted the islands of the same names, among the shoals forming in fresco, by G. Romano. But the most celebrated fresco the bar. The Bajo Seco, or dry shoal, is in advance of the of Romano," the Fall of the Giants," is in the palace of the other islands; and the best channel to the harbour, on the T. At the extremity of one of the bridges is a handsome N.W. side, has 13 feet water. The climate of Maracaybo is gateway, attributed to Romano, who also erected the open oppressively hot; during a part of the year water is scarce; arcade on the bridge over the Mincio, in the heart of the and in the summer, when violent thunder-storms and earthcity. Romano inhabited a house opposite the church of St. quakes occur, the city often suffers greatly from very heavy Barnabas, in which is his tomb. There are numerous con- rains. This port has superior facilities for ship-building, vents, a Jews' synagogue, a civil hospital, two orphan asy- and its shipwrights have produced some fine schooners. lums, a monte-di-pieta, a workhouse, an asylum for 50 brisk traffic is carried on with the interior by the numerous poor Jews, an arsenal, cavalry barracks, a large prison, a vessels which navigate the lake. The inhabitants are said new and a summer theatre, an imperial academy of arts and to be good sailors, and they have generally a taste for a seasciences, a lyceum, a gymnasium, a public library with faring life. Many, however, devote themselves to the care 80,000 volumes and many MSS., attached to which are a of cattle, large herds of which are reared in the vicinity. museum and a fine gallery of sculpture, which has a cele-(Geog. &c. Account of Colombia, i., 217-225; Mod. Trav., brated bust of Virgil, a botanic garden, and various other xvii.; Encyclopædia Americana; Encyc. of Geog, American scientific and literary institutions. Mantua is a bishop's edition.) see, the residence of an Austrian delegate, and the seat of MARACAYBO (LAKE OF LAGOON OP), a large lake, or inlet the council, and civil, criminal, and commercial tribunals of the sea, in the N. part of S. America, repub. Venezuela, for the delegation. In the days of her prosperity, and when dep. Zulia, prov. Maracaybo. It extends between lat. 905 governed by her own dukes, Mantua is said to have had a and 100 30 N., and long. 710 and 72° 20′ W., and is of an population of 50,000, and extensive manufactures; and, oval, or rather "decanter-like" shape; communicating, at though the latter be greatly fallen off, she still produces its N. extremity, with the gulf of Maracaybo, by a strait limited quantities of silk, woollen, and linen fabrics, with nearly 20 m. in length, and varying in breadth from 5 to 10 leather, parchment, paper, cordage, &c., and carriages and m. Length of the lake, N. to S., nearly 100 m.; greatest boats for the navigation of the Po. breadth, about 70 m.; circ. probably about 250 m. Inside it has water enough to float the largest vessels; and, being easily navigated, serves for the conveyance to Maracaybo of the produce of the interior intended for consumption in, or exportation from, that city. But a shifting bar, at the mouth of its strait, where it unites with the sea, in lat. 112 2', having only 14 feet water, renders it inaccessible to large ships. It receives several considerable rivers, so that its waters are perfectly fresh, sweet, and fit for drinking, except in the spring, when strong N. winds impel inwards a swell from the gulf, which renders them brackish. The lake is not very subject to violent tempests. It abounds with fish and waterfowl; but tortoises, elsewhere so common in Colombia, are not met with in it. Its banks are in many parts sterile, and only cultivated on the W. side; and they are, in general, so unhealthy, that the Indians prefer mountthem on the shore. It was from the Indian villages or towns, built in this way, that the whole country is said to have derived from the Spaniards the name of Venezuela, or Little Venice. Four of these towns are still standing on the E. part of the lake, at unequal distances from each other; the iron-wood on which they are founded having become a mass of stone, from the petrifying quality of the water. (Geog. Account of Colombia, i., 216, 217.)

Mantua is very ancient, her foundation being probably antecedent to that of Rome. She derives her principal celebrity from her being the native country of Virgil, that great poet having been born in her immediate vicinity, anno 70 B.C.

Mantua Musarum domus, atque ad sidera cantu
Evecta Aonio, et Smyrneis æmula plectris.

Silius Italicus, lib. viii., lin. 595. Mantua appears, from the contrast, in the first Eclogue, between her and Rome, not to have been a place of much importance in Virgil's time; and Martial applies to her the epithet of parva. (Ep. xiv., 193.) Her unlucky vicinity to Cremona made her territory be divided among the veterans of Augustus. (See art. CREMONA, in this work.)

After the conquest of N. Italy by Charlemagne, Mantua became a republic, and continued under that form of gov-ing their huts on iron-wood posts in the water, to fixing ernment till the 12th century, when the Gonzaga family acquired the supreme direction of its affairs. They were subsequently raised to the title of dukes, and held possession of Mantua till 1707, when it was taken by the Austrians. Under the French, it was the capital of the deputy of the Mincio. (Forsyth; Eustace; Woods; Oesterr. Nat. Encyc., &c.)

MANTUA, p. t., Portage co., O., 150 m. N.E. Columbus, 327 W. Watered by Cuyahoga river and its branches. It is distinguished for its fine orchards, and contains a church, an academy, 10 schools, 463 scholars. Pop. 1187.

MANZANARES, a town of Spain, prov. La Mancha, 24 m. E. by N. Ciudad Real, and 100 m. S. Madrid. Pop. 9100. It stands in the loftiest and bleakest part of the province, on the high road between Madrid and Seville; being, according to Inglis, "a place of considerable size, and proportionate poverty." A parish church of Gothic architecture, a castle, hospital, and cavalry barracks are the only public buildings; the private houses are better built than in most towns of Spain. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in the production of saffron, for which the neighbourhood is celebrated, and of the Val-de-Peñas wine, highly esteemed all over Castile; the only other branches of industry being the manufacture of coarse woollens and linens for home supply. Not far from Manzanares are the ruined walls and tower of the ancient Murus; a city described, in Antonine's Itinerary, as being on the road from Laminium (Alhambra) to Toletum (Toledo).

MANZARES, a small river of Spain, tributary to the TAGUS, and flowing by MADRID, which see.

MARACAYBO, MARACAIBO, or NUEVA ZAMORA, a fortified city of Venezuela, cap. dep. Zulia, and prov. Maracaybo; on the W. shore of the strait connecting the lake of Maracaybo with the sea, 175 m. E.S.E. Santa Mar ta, and 320 m. W. by N. La Guayra. Lat. 100 39 N., long. 71° 45′ W. In 1801, its population, including a number of Spanish refugees from St. Domingo, was estimated at 24,000;

306

Towards the N.E. border of the lake is a remarkable mine of asphaltum (pix montana); "the bituminous vapours of 1 which are so easily inflamed that, during the night, phosphoric fires are continually seen, which, in their effect, resemble lightning. It is remarked that they are more frequent in great heat than in cool weather. They go by the name of the 'Lantern of Maracaybo,' because they serve for lighthouse and compass to the Spaniards and Indians, who, without the assistance of either, navigate the lake." (Depons, Trav., i., 70; Mod. Trav., xxvii., 209-211; Geog. Account of Colombia; Blunt's American Coast Pilot.)

MARAGA (an. Gamarga?), a city of Persia, prov. Azerbijan, 50 m. S. by W. Tabreez, and 305 m. W.N.W. Tehe ran. Pop. about 15,000. It is a well built walled town, in a low valley, at the extremity of a fertile plain, opening to the lake Urumea, which lies 10 m. W. Maraga. The chief buildings are a large and handsome bazaar, spacious public baths, and the tomb of Holaku, one of the most able princes of the dynasty of Jenghis khan. Maraga is also celebrated for its beautiful and highly productive gardens and plantations, watered by canals drawn from a small river, over which are two bridges, erected in the 11th century. The town has a large manufactory of glass; but the inhabitants are chiefly employed in the cultivation of the fertile country round the town.

On the top of a mountain rising behind Maraga are the remains of an observatory, built by Holaku, for the use of Nazer-a-Deen, one of the most famous Oriental astronomers; and at the foot of the hill are several cave-temples, similar

MARBURG, a town of Hesse Cassel, cap. circ. Upper Hesse, on the Lahn, a tributary of the Rhine, 50 m. S.W. Cassel, and 58 m. N.E. by E. Coblentz; lat. 500 48' 41' N., long. 8° 46′ 12′′ E. Pop., including the suburb of Weidenhausen, on the opposite bank of the Lahn, 7700. It is built on the slope of a hill, crowned by a ruined castle; and has narrow and dirty streets, and indifferent houses. Its only building worth notice is the church of St. Elizabeth, an elegant edifice, and one of the earliest existing specimens of the pointed Gothic style, having been commenced in 1235, and finished within the succeeding 48 years. The tomb of St. Elizabeth, in this church, has been long resorted to by pilgrims, and was formerly adorned with numerous gems and articles of value, mostly carried off by the French in 1810. In the transept are several curious monuments of the landgraves of Hesse. The university of Marburg, founded in 1527, has 40 professors, and a good library of 70,000 vols. In 1833, it was attended by 422 students, but, in 1840, the number of pupils had declined to 285. Marburg has also MARATHON, p. t., Cortland co., N. Y., 141 m. W. Al- the Wilhelm's Institute, a school of surgery; and a philobany, 318 W. Drained by Toughnioga river and its tribu-logical seminary, teachers' seminary, botanic garden, school

MARCELLUS.

of veterinary medicine, Lutheran and Catholic orphan asyJums, a workhouse, a free-school of industry, &c. The inhabitants derive their principal support form the university, and from the manufacture of linen fabrics, stockings, hats, tobacco, and tobacco-pipes, &c. It is the seat of the chief judicial and other state establishments for Upper Hesse. (Berghaus; Stein.)

MARBURG, a town of the Austrian empire, being, next to Grätz, the principal in the prov. of Styria, cap. circ. on the Drave, and on the road from Gratz to Laybach, 36 m. S.S.E. the former city. Pop. in 1837, 4578. Mr. Turnbull says, "it is a good town, and surrounded by a beautiful country, richly planted with vines. The climate here is far more congenial to their growth than on the N. side of the hills, and excellent wine is produced." (Trav., i., 279.) Near it, the Archduke John has a vineyard and villa. Marburg has three suburbs, an old castle, a church, in which are several good pictures, a hospital, theatre, gymnasium, military school, swimming school, &c. It is the seat of the council for the circle, furnishes leather and rosoglio, and has some trade in corn, wine, and iron; but its inhabitants derive their chief subsistence from the active transit trade between Hungary and Croatia and Illyria. (Turnbull's Austria; Berghaus; Oesterr. Nat. Encyc.) MARCELLUS, p. t., Onondagó co., N. Y., 141 m. W. by S. Albany, 343 W. Drained by Nile-mile creek. It contains three churches, a Presbyterian, Methodist, and an Episcopal, seven stores, four fulling-mills, two woollen factories, two flouring-mills, two grist-mills, six saw-mills, two paper-mills, five tanneries, two distilleries; 12 schools, 571 scholars. Pop. 2726.

MARCH, a market town, township, and par. of England, belonging to Doddington par., Isle of Ely, hund. Witchford, on the Old Nen, 13 m. Ñ.W. Ely, and 74 m. N. London. Area of township, 20,440 acres. Pop., in 1831, 5117. Excepting the church, which is large and handsome, the town contains nothing worthy of remark; the streets being generally narrow, and the houses, for the most part, low and meanly built. Its situation on the Nen, which is navigable, makes it the centre of a considerable trade; corn, hemp, flax, cheese, &c., being shipped here; and coal, timber, and London goods, imported. Markets on Friday; fairs, Monday before Whitsuntide, Whit-Monday, and 3d Tuesday in October, chiefly for horses, cattle, and cheese.

MARCY, p. t., Oneida co., N. Y., 6 m. Utica, 98 m. W.N.W. Albany, 343 W. Organized in 1832. Bounded S.W. by Mohawk river and its tributary Nine-mile creek. It contains one fulling mill, four saw-mills, three tanneries; nine schools, 674 scholars. Pop. 1799.

|

MARGATE.

tered by Cold creek. It contains four stores, one flouring-
mill, one grist-mill, two saw-mills; one school, 30 scholars.
Pop. 1001.
MARGARITA, an island off the N. coast of S. America,
belonging to the republic of Venezuela, and attached to the
dep. Cumana. It lies in about lat. 110 N., and long. 640 W.
separated from the continent by a channel, 20 m. in width,
through which all ships coming from Europe, or windward
of Cumana, Barcelona, or La Guayra, must pass in going to
to those ports. Length of the island. E. to W., 37 m.;
breadth varying from 5 to 20 m. Population estimated at
15,000. Viewed at a short distance from the N. it appears
like two islands, there being a tract of low swampy land in
its centre, which is in some parts not more than from 10 to
12 ft. above the level of the sea; but other parts of the
island rise to a considerable elevation; and Maranao, near
its W. extremity, a micaceous schist, is upwards of 2000 ft.
in height. The coast-lands are arid and barren; but the
interior is comparatively fertile, producing maize, bananas,
and various fruits, with sugar, coffee, cocoa, and other W.
Indian products, though not in sufficient quantities for the
demands of the inhabitants. A good deal of poultry, and
other live stock, is reared, and exported to the continent;
and Margarita has an active fishery, and some salt-works.
It was formerly much celebrated for its pearl-fishery; but
this has greatly declined, and the pearls now found are said
to be of inferior size and quality. The pearl-fishery was
principally conducted at the rocky island of Coche, be-
tween Margarita and the main land. The inhabitants have
some manufactures of cotton stockings and hammocks, of
very good quality. Assumpcion, the capital, and residence
of the governor, in the centre of the island, is pretty well
built. There are three seaport towns or villages; one of
which, Pampatar, on the S.E. coast, has a pretty good har-
bour, with anchorage in 7 or 8 fathoms water. (Blunt's
American Coast Pilot, p. 440.) This island, which is of
little value in any other point of view, might, were it occu-
pied by a European power, be of considerable service as a
depot for the supply of the adjacent continent. It is better
situated for such a purpose than Trinidad. It was discov-
ered by Columbus in 1498. (Geog. Account of Colombia;
Humboldt's Personal Narrative, &c.)

MARGATE, a seaport town and much-frequented watering-place of England, co. Kent, in the isle of Thanet, lathe St. Augustine, 16 m. E.N.E. Canterbury, and 65 m. E. London. Area of parish, 3810 acres. Pop., in 1831, 10,339. The town is finely situated, partly along the shore, and partly on the declivities of two hills, one of which presents a bold cliff towards the sea. The older streets are narrow MARENGO, a village of N. Italy, Sardinian States, pear and irregular, lined with inferior-looking houses; but in the the Bormida, in an extensive plain, 34 m. E. by S. Alexan-upper parts and outskirts of the town are several handdria. This village will be ever memorable for the great some streets and squares formed by houses which for size battle fought here, on the 14th of June, 1800, between the and regularity of construction would not disgrace the meFrench under Napoleon, and the Austrians under Melas. tropolis. The whole is well paved, lighted with gas, and Napoleon, believing that the Austrians had withdrawn plentifully supplied with good water. The town-hall and from the neighbourhood of Marengo, had, on the day pre-market-house is a plain but substantial building of recent viously to the battle, despatched Dessaix with a strong erection, supported on cast-iron pillars, and fronted by a corps to Rivolta. By this means, his army was reduced, Tuscan portico. The assembly-rooms in Cecil-square have when attacked by the Austrians on the following morning, long ranked among the largest and most elegant in Engto little more than 20,000 men, whereas the Austrians had land: a neat theatre stands on the E. side of Hawleynearly 40,000 troops in the field. The contest was most square, where also is a large public library. Numerous obstinate and bloody but, despite a desperate resistance, bathing-houses line one side of High-street, and near the the Austrians carried the village of Marengo, broke the Parade E. of the town is a very complete establishment left wing of the French, and compelled them to retreat. formed in the cliff, and furnishing hot and cold baths of a But, at this critical moment, when the fate of the day ap- very superior description. There are two churches; one peared all but decided, Dessaix, who had returned by a an old heavy-looking building, with a low square tower, forced march, came upon the field. This gave the French the other at the opposite side of the town being a very new strength, and inspired them with new courage. The handsome modern Gothic structure, with a light octagonal Austrians, exhausted by their previous efforts, were imme- tower, built at an expense of £26,000. The Roman Cath diately attacked at all points, forced back, and completely olics, Independents, Baptists, and Society of Friends have defeated, with the loss of all their cannon and baggage, and also their respective places of worship, to which are atof a vast number of men left dead on the field and taken tached well-attended Sunday-schools. A national school prisoners. Dessaix, whose opportune arrival turned the furnishes instruction to about 250 boys and 180 girls, and fortune of the day, was killed, charging at the head of his there are two other large day-schools. Drapers' almshoudivision. ses, founded in 1709, a dispensary, and lying-in charity, are the principal charitable institutions; and in the immediate vicinity, close to the beach, is a large sea-bathing infirma ry, founded in 1792, and since so much enlarged as to furnish accommodation for about 120 patients. The harbour dries at low water. To obviate this defect a stone pier, projecting 900 ft. into the sea, was erected from the designs of the late John Rennie; still, however, this was insufficient for the purpose, there not being more than from 4 to 5 ft. water at the pier head at low ebb. Since 1824, a wooden jetty, connected with the pier, has been constructed, which projects into deep water, and may be approached by steamers or other vessels at any time of the tide, except when it blows a gale from the N. or N.N.E. The pier is a favour ite promenade for the town's folk and visiters.

MARENGO, County, Ala. Situated in the W. part of the state, and contains 975 sq. m. Bounded W. by Tombigbee river, and N.W. by its branch, Black Warrior river. It contained in 1840, 15.126 neat cattle, 2175 sheep, 36,819 swine; and produced 2785 bushels of wheat, 1021 of rye, 649,734 of Indian corn, 22,933 of oats, 36.906 of potatoes, 3815 pounds of rice, 1146 of tobacco, 6,358,028 of cotton. It had 34 stores, one flouring mill, 18 grist-mills, seven saw-mills, two tanneries, one distillery, one printing-office, one weekly newspaper; three academies, 131 students; nine schools, 201 scholars. Pop.: whites, 5350: slaves, 11,902; free coloured, 12; total, 17,264. Capital, Linden.

MARENGO, p. t., Calhoun co., Mich., 100 m. W. by S. Detroit, 572 W. It contains one store, one grist-mill, three saw-mills, one distillery; 10 schools, 307 scholars. Pop. 872. MARGARETTA, p. t., Erie co., O., 100 m. N.W. by N. Columbus, 414 W. Bounded N. by Sandusky bay. Wa

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Margate enjoys a considerable coasting trade, and has these nor its fishery are of any importance compared with some commerce with Holland and Germany; but neither

MARIA-THERESIANOPEL.

the advantages that accrue to it from the thousands of vis-
iters who annually resort thither from the metropolis. The
town, indeed, like many others, owes its present import-
ance to the invention of steam; for though prior to 1817 it
was a respectable and well-frequented watering-place, the
means of access to London were so difficult and tedious,
that none but those who could afford a week or two of un-
interrupted leisure were ever induced to visit it. But with-
in the last fifteen years, the water-communication with
London has been so greatly facilitated, that Margate may
now be considered as within five or six hours of the me-
tropolis. Several handsome steamers ply regularly between
London bridge and Margate; and for some years past the
number of persons landed from these steamers at Margate
is supposed to have averaged above 90,000 a year. The
fares being extremely reasonable, Margate is frequented
chiefly by the families of tradesmen and others belonging
to the middle classes, for whose amusement there are nu-
merous bazaars, libraries, &c., with the Tivoli gardens, in
the suburbs, very similar to the well-known, but now ex-
tinct, Vauxhall of London. Great numbers of persons en-
gaged in business during the week join their families here
late on the Saturday, returning to London early on the
Monday morning; and it is from the flying visiters that the
steam-packet companies derive their chief revenue.
Margate is within the jurisdiction of Dover, by the lord-
warden of which the constable of the town is appointed;
and as a port, it is subordinate to Ramsgate. It is the chief
place of a poor-law union, comprising all the parishes in
the isle of Thanet.

MARIA THERESIANOPEL, or THERESIENSTADT (Hungar. Szabatka), a royal free town of Hungary, co. Bacs, in the great plain between the Danube and Theiss, 25 m. 8.W. Segedin, and 100 m. S.S.E. Pesth. Population said to be about 35,000, chiefly Hungarians and Servians. Its territory, or commune, comprising an area of 300 sq. m., is larger than that of any other town of the Austrian dominsons. (Berghaus.) The National Encyclopædia" says, it is well built, and has numerous handsome public edifices; including several churches, a gymnasium, large barracks, a town-hall, &c. It has manufactures of linen cloth, leather, and tobacco, and a large trade in horses, cattle, sheep, raw hides, and wool.

MARIANNA, an episcopal city of Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, of which it is the capital, on the Carmo, a tributary of the Doce, 8 m. E.N.E. Villa Rica. Its population, in 1822, was estimated at from 6000 to 7000. (Mawe's Brazil, 258) It stands principally in a small plain, bounded by rocky hills, the small knolls, and projections of which are crowned by its churches. The city itself is nearly square, and consists principally of two well-paved streets, regularly laid out, and conducting to a kind of square. The houses are whitened, and have a neat appearance. The supply of water is ample, and is of material importance in the cultivation of several extensive gardens; but, being surrounded by lofty eminences, the air is close and hot, and the town unhealthy. There are several churches and a large cathedral. The Carmelite and Franciscan convents, the ecclesiastical college, which has sundry privileges, the bishop's palace, surrounded with fine gardens, and the town-hall, are among the other chief public buildings. It has very little trade, and depends chiefly on the mines and farms in its vicinity. (Mawe's Brazil; Dict. Geog.) MARIANNA, p. V., capital of Jackson co., Flor., 77 m. N.N.W. Tallahassee, 927 W. Situated on the W. side of Chipola river. It contains a courthouse, and several stores and dwellings. Nett proceeds of the postoffice, $414. MARIAVILLE, p. t., Hancock co., Me., 103 m. N.E. Augusta, 685 W. Watered by Union river and its branches, which afford water-power. Incorporated in 1836. It has one grist-mill, two saw-mills, one tannery; two schools, 86 scholars. Pop. 275.

MARIAZELL.

grave of Moravia, in 1202, instead of the wooden hut in which the Gnaden Statue, 'Statue of Grace,' had stood from about 1150, when it was luckily brought thither by a Benedictine monk. This image, like that of Loretto, is ascribed to St. Luke; and, like it, also, is but an indifferent specimen of the apostle's skill in statuary. It is a rudelycarved wooden figure, only 18 in. in height, representing the Virgin, with the Saviour on her knee. Both are as splendid as brocade, gold, gems, and bad taste can make them; their faces are of a negro hue; the effect, perhaps, in part, of the smoke of the solitary lamp kept constantly burning in the dark and gloomy recess in which they are cooped up. The altar and other decorations of the shrine are said to be of solid silver, and the chapel is surrounded by a costly fence of the same metal. A thousand acres of land were assigned for the support of the church; and its treasury was very rich previously to the reign of Joseph II., having received many valuable donations from preceding sovereigns, princes, and private individuals. But Joseph, though he succeeded to the dominions of his mother, inherited none of her superstition: unawed by the sanctity of the place, he did not hesitate to strip the shrine of the greater portion of its wealth; and profanely threw the silver angels that guarded the high altar, and even the figures of his father and mother, into the melting-pot! The present emperor and empress have, however, made a propitiatory visit to the cell; and have endeavoured, by their pious liberality, to atone, in some measure, for the sacrilegious depredations of their less scrupulous predecessor.

The ecclesiastical establishment of Mariazell consists of about 20 resident priests, deputed from the Abbey of St. Lambricht, who here form a kind of subsidiary Benedictine college, under a pro-rector. During half the year all find abundant employment among the penitents, who arrive here from all parts of the empire. Shortly after the erection of the church, the popes granted the same indulgences to the shrine of Mariazell, as were attached to St. Peter's at Rome; and thenceforward it became crowded with pilgrims. Previously to the reign of Joseph, the pilgrims are stated to have amounted to about 100,000 annually; and it is alleged that, at the celebration of the 16th jubilee of the miraculous image, in 1757, no fewer than 380,000 individuals did homage to the sable Maria! We confess, however, that we do not attach implicit credit to this statement; but it is, at all events, certain that the number was very great. The Austrian Encyclopedia says that the shrine is, at present, annually visited by 100,000 pilgrims; and, according to Mr. Turnbull, the number is fully 80,000. (Austria, i., 196.) It is customary for the pilgrims from different places to set out together; and, formerly, it was no unusual circumstance for a band of pilgrims from one province or city to have a contest for precedence with those from another; so that disturbances, which frequently ended in bloodshed, were perpetually occurring. The government has, however, put an end to these unseemly brawls by ordering that the pilgrimages from different places should take place at different times. Accordingly, most of the towns of any importance in Upper and Lower Austria, Styria, Bohemia, and Moravia, and some in the W. parts of Hungary, have their stated days on which the devotees assemble, and form their processions of piety and pleasure after the manner described by Chaucer in his Canterbury Tales. In all, about 80 processions take place annually from different parts of the empire. Vienna furnishes four distinct parties, three in June or July, and one in August; the last, which is also the largest, generally consists of about 3000 persons of both sexes, and all ages, travelling chiefly on foot, and performing the journey in four days. In their progress they are jumbled together, without any regularity, until they come within about a mile of the shrine. Here they halt; and some hours are generally occupied in marshalling the confused assemblage into regular devotional order. Banners MARIAZELL, or MARIANZELL, a village of the Aus- are unfurled; sacred emblems exposed to view; the maidtrian empire, prov. Styria, in a mountainous district, about ens and youths are placed in the van of the procession, af55 m. S.W. Vienna. Pop. about 1000. It would be un- ter whom follow the elder pilgrims, male and female, in worthy notice in a work of this kind, but for its celebrated distinct parties: and thus they advance to the church, by shrine of the Virgin, which renders it the "Loretto" of the slow and measured steps, stopping at certain appointed staAustrian empire, and a principal place of Christian pil- tions on the way, and chanting in their native tongue, whatgrimage. The town, which stands at an elevation of about ever it may be, some one of the litanies, in general chorus. 2200 ft. above the sea, is small and mean-looking; and con- Arriving by thousands in a day, they fill to suffocation evsists principally of inns and alehouses for the accommoda-ery inn and house of accommodation within the town; but tion of the visiters, the influx of which only ceases when the roads are impassable by snow. The only building of note is the church, rebuilt, since 1827, on the site of one erected in 1363, by Louis L, king of Hungary, over the chapel, in which the image of the Virgin is placed. The church, as it now stands, is of Roman architecture, except the porch, which is Gothic. It is a spacious edifice, 286 English ft. by 99 inside, and is surmounted by a spire 275 ft in height. Some of the side altars and chapels are handsomely decorated; but its principal object of curiosity and devotion is the small stone chapel, erected by a mar

the larger portion are, notwithstanding, obliged to bivouac in the fields around; where they spend the night in jollity, drinking and singing songs, which are frequently of a kind not especially suited for virgin ears. (Turnbull, i., 197– 199; Russel.) It is needless to add, that by far the largest proportion of those who join these processions are but little influenced by religious motives. The enlightened portion of the community despise them as miserable mummereis; and the motley crowd principally consists of the ignorant, the idle, the frolicsome, and the profligate. They are, in fact, an outrage upon religion and inorality. 309