faly; in aberdar; without scrupie or revers, without impediment or underve; within a cessity, empukive, ar prietemu wethoud obstruction; largash, ayamah; spent without persuasion; Wendy, ge; gre tuitously of freewill or grace; without pavidase or consideration FREEMAN, free man, & Oce who enjoys liberty one not a slave, or subject to the will or valgy of another; one who enjoys or is entitled to a franchise or peculiar privi FREEMASON, free ma-sn, & mle ta vare pay vir spanned from the Church of Sestland in 1944 secerace of Bates regning the extent of the powers of the de mortes i manters relating to the appointment and settement of the clergy. Free fishery, royal franchise or exclusive privilege of fishing a pestic river. Free or imperial cities, in Germany, are those which are not subject to any parfilar prince, but are governed as republics by their own magistrates. a. to set at liberty; to rescue from slavery or captivity; to manumit; to remove from a tling any encumbrance or obstruction; to disengage from; to rid; to strip; to il clear; to loose; to disentangle; to disengage: to clear from water, as a ship, by pumping; to release from obligation or duty; to free from, or free of, is to be rid of, by removing in any manner. FREEBOOTER, free 'boot-ur, s. (rrybuiter, Dut. FREENESS, fice'nes, 8. freibeuter, Germ.) One who wanders about for plunder; a robber; a pillager; a plunderer. FREEBOOTING, free boot-ing, s. The act of pillaging; robbery; plunder. of masons. One of the tabormily The rules, pala FREEMASONRY, free-ma'sney a ciples, and distinguishing characteristics of A Not pesphored FREEMINDED, fice'minde-ed, th free from care. The state or quality of being free, unconstrained, unconfined, unenein bered, or unobstructed; openness unicarved ness; ingenuousness; candour; liberality gue rosity; gratuitousness. FREER-FREEZING. FREER, free ur, s. One who gives freedom. FREESCHOOL, free'skool, s. A school where education is supplied free of expense for tuition. FREESPOKEN, free-spo'kn, a. Accustomed to speak without reserve. FREESTONE, free'stone, s. Any kind of stone, the texture of which is so free or loose as to admit of it being easily wrought. The term is generally used for certain varieties of sandstone and oolite. FREETHINKER, free'thingk-ur, s. A name given, generally in way of reproach, to a person who rejects the authority of divine revelation. It is used in the same sense as Deist. FREETHINKING, free' thingk-ing, s. Unbelief. FREETONGUED, free'tungd, a. Speaking without reserve. FREEWARREN, free'wawr-rin, s. A royal franchise, or exclusive right of killing beasts and fowls of warren within certain limits. FREEWILL, free-wil', s. In Metaphysics, that power or faculty of the mind by which it is capable of acting or not acting, choosing or rejecting, what ever it judges proper. The doctrine of freewill is opposed to that of necessity, which implies that actions and elections of the mind are determined by motives, and that these motives are invariably the result of circumstances, independent of the will. FREEWOMAN, free'wim-un, 8. A woman not a slave. FREEZE, freeze, v. n. (frysan, Sax.) Past, Froze; past part. Frozen. To be congealed by cold; to be changed from a liquid to a solid state by the abstraction of heat; to be hardened into ice, or a like solid body; to be of that degree of cold at which water congeals; to chill; to stagnate; to shiver with cold; to die by means of cold;-v. a. to congeal; to harden into ice; to change from a fluid to a solid form by cold, or abstraction of heat; to kill by cold; to chill; to give the sensation of cold and shivering. FREEZING, free'zing, s. The transformation of a fluid body into a firm or solid mass by cold, or rather by parting with its coloric or heat. Freezing point, that point or degree of cold shown in a thermometer at which certain fluids begin to freeze, or, when frozen, at which they begin to thaw. In Fahrenheit's thermometer this point is + 32, or 32 above zero, for water; and 40, or 40 below zero, for quicksilver. In the Centigrade thermometer, the freezing point of water is indicated by 0, and the boiling 100. Freezing mixture, a preparation for the purpose of the congelation of water or other fluids. An equal mixture of snow or pounded ice, and salt, sinks the thermometer to 30°; equal parts of nitrate of ammonia and water makes it sink to 46°; and muriate of lime 3 parts, and snow or ice 2 parts, sinks it to 802, or, from the freezing point, to 48° below zero. Freezing mixtures are also made by the rapid solution of salts, without the use of snow or ice. The salts must be finely dried and powdered. The most important of these are given in the following tablo by Walker: Mixtures, with their parts in weight and fall in temperature. 1. Hydrochlorate of ammonia 5, nitrate of potassa 5, and water 16 parts-from+50 to + 10 = 40 degrees. 5. 6. 7. grees. Sulphate of soda 3, and diluted nitrous acid * 2 parts-from+50° to -3° 53 degrees. Sulphate of soda 6, hydrochlorate of ammonia 4, nitrate of potassa 2, and diluted nitrous acid 4 parts-from+50° to -10° = 60 degrees. Sulphate of soda 6, nitrate of ammonia 5, and diluted nitrous acid 4 parts-from +50° to 14° 64 degrees. 3. Phosphate of soda 9, and diluted nitrons acid 4 parts-from+50° to - - 12° 62 degrees. 9. Phosphate of soda 9, nitrate of ammonia 6, and diluted nitrous acid 4 parts-from +50° to 21°71 degrees. 10. Sulphate of soda 8, and hydrochloric acid 5 parts-from+50° to 050 degrees. 11. Sulphate of soda 5, and diluted sulphuric acid † 4 parts-from+50° to +3° = 47 degrees. FREIGHT, frate, 8. (vragt, Dut. fracht, Germ.) The suin which a merchant pays for the safe conveyance of goods by water, or for the use of a vessel. Dead freight is compensation to the owners in the case of a charter party, where the merchant bargains for the conveyance of a certain part of cargo, and fails in the quantity;-v. a. to load a ship or vessel with goods for transportation; to load, as the burden. FREIGHTER, fra'tur, s. One who loads a ship, or So now his friend is changed for a fren.-Spenser. FRENCH, frensh, a. Relating to France or its inhabitants;-8. the language spoken by the people of France. French casements, windows turning upon two vertical edges attached to the jambs, which, when shut, lap together upon the other two parallel edges, and are fastened by means of long bolts extending their whole height. French berries, the fruit of Rhamnus catharticns, used in colourmaking and in dyeing. French honeysuckle, or garland honeysuckle, the plant Hedysarum coronatum. French bean, the common dwarf bean, one of the varieties of the plant Phaseolus vulgaris, comprehending the scarlet and white runners, (Phaseolus multiflorus.) French willow, or narrow-leaved willow-herb, the Epilobium angustifolium of Linnæus. French marygold, the annual composite plant Tagetes patula, a native of Mexico, and a favourite in our flower gardens for the beauty and richness of its colouring. French mushroom, the esculent fungus Mouceron prunulus: Tribe, Hymenomycetes. French oak, a name given, in the West Indies, to the tree Catulpa longissima, called by the French chene-noir: Order, Bignoniacex. French turnip, or navet, a variety of the cruciferous plant Brassica napus, much used in soups in France and Germany, as it yields a * Composed of tuming nitrous acid 2 parts in weight, and 1 of water; the mixture being allowed to cool before being used. 2. Hydrochlorate of ammonia 5, nitrate of potassa being allowed to cool before use. + Composed of equal weights of strong acid and water, 784 FRENCHIFY-FRESH. much higher flavour than the common turnip. It is white, and of the shape of a carrot. French horn, a musical wind instrument, made of metal; it has a range of three octaves, and is capable of producing tones of surpassing sweetness. FRENCHIFY, frensh'e-fi, v. a. To infect with the manner of the French; to give a French appear ance to. FRENCHLIKE, frensh'like, a. Resembling the man- FRENETIC, fre-net'ik, a. Mad; distracted; frantic. Dess. FRESH-BLOWN-FRET. recently grown; recently made or obtained; not impaired by time; not forgotten or obliterated; not salt; recently from the well or spring; pure and cold; not warm or vapid; repaired from loss or diminution; having new vigour; that has lately come or arrived; sweet; in a good state; not stale; unpractised; unused; not before employed; moderately rapid; as, 'the ship makes fresh way;' -s. water not salt; Ile shall drink nought but brine; for I'll not show him where the quick freshes are. -Shaks. -v. a. to refresh.-Obsolete as a substantive and But quickly she it overpast, so soone Spenser. FRENZY, fren'ze, s. (frenesie, Fr. phrenitis, Lat.) Madness; distraction of mind; alienation of un- FRESH-BLOWN, fresh'blone, a. Newly blown. derstanding; any violent passion approaching to madness. FREQUENCE, frekwens, s. (from frequentia, a company, Lat.) A crowd; a throng; a concourse; an assembly.-Seldom used. A thousand demigods on golden seats, FREQUENT, fre-kwent', v. a. To visit often; to FREQUENTABLE, fre-kwent'a-bl, a. Accessible.- Beds of violets blue, And fresh-blown roses wash'd in dew.-Milton. FRESHEN, fresh'shn, v. a. To make fresh; to separate as water from saline particles; to take saltness from anything; to freshen the hawse, in Nautical language, to relieve that part of the cable which has for some time been exposed to the friction in one of the hawse holes, when a ship rocks and fitches at anchor in a high sea;-v. n. to grow fresh; to grow brisk or strong. FRESHES, fresh'iz, s. The mingling of fresh water with salt water in rivers or bays, or the increased current of an ebb tide, by means of a flood of fresh water flowing towards or into the sea, and discolouring the water; an overflowing; an inunda tion. FRESHET, fresh'it, s. A stream of fresh water. FRESHFORCE, fresh'forse, s. In Law, force done within forty days. FRESHLY, fresh'le, ad. Coolly; newly; in the former state; renewed; with a healthy look; ruddily; briskly; gaily. FREQUENTAGE, fre'kwent-tij, 8. The practice of FRESHMAN, fresh'man, s. frequenting. FREQUENTATION, fre-kwen-ta'shun, s. The act of frequenting; the habit of visiting often. FREQUENTATIVE, fre-kwen'ta-tiv, a. (frequentativo, Lat.) In Grammar, a term applied to verbs signifying the frequent repetition of an action. FREQUENTER, fre-kwent'ur, s. One who often resorts to any place. FREQUENTLY, fre'kwent-le, ad. Often; commonly; FREQUENTNESS, fre'kwent-nes, 8. The quality of FRESCO, fres'ko, s. (Italian.) Coolness; shade; a Here thy well-study'd marbles fix our eye; FRESH, fresh, a. (fersc, Sax.) Moving with cele- [99] rudiments of knowledge. A novice; one in the See the dull freshman just arriv'd from school, In Colleges, one of the youngest class of students. FRESHMANSHIP, fresh'man-ship, s. The state of a freshman. FRESHNESS, fresh'nes, s. Newness; vigour; spirit; the contrary to vapidness; liveliness; the contrary to a faded state; renewed vigour, opposed to weariness or fatigue; coolness; invigorating quality or state; colour of youth and health; ruddiness; freedom from saltness; a new or recent state or quality; rawness; briskness, as of wind. FRESHNEW, fresh'nu, a. Wholly unacquainted; unpractised. Obsolete. This freshnew seafarer.-Shaks. That rocky pile thou seest, that verdant lawn, FRET, fret, v. a. (frata, Swed.) To rub; to wear FRETFUL--FRIARLIKE. to disturb; to make rough; to cause to ripple; to tease; to irritate; to vex; to make angry; to wear away; to chafe; to gall;-v. n. to be worn away or corroded; to eat or wearin; to make way by attrition or corrosion; to be agitated; to be in violent commotion; to be vexed, chafed, or irritated; to be angry; to be peevish;-s. the agitation of the surface of a fluid; a rippling on the surface of water; small undulations continually repeated; agitation of mind; commotion of temper; irritation. Fret or Frette, in Architecture, a kind of knot or ornament, consisting of two lists or small fillets, variously interlaced or interwoven, and running at parallel distances equal to their breadth. Fret-work, that kind of work which is adorned with frets, and sometimes used to fill up and enrich flat empty spaces, but principally in roofs fretted over with plaster-work. In Heraldry, a bearing composed of six bars crossed and variously interlaced. In Music, a kind of stop on some instruments, particularly bass viols and guitars; they consist of strings tied round the instrument at certain distances, within which certain notes are to be found. They are only now continued in the guitar. FRETFUL, fret'ful, a. Disposed to fret; angry; ill-humoured; peevish; in a state of vexation. FRETFULLY, fret'ful-le, ad. Peevishly; angrily. FRETFULNESS, fret'ful-nes, s. Peevishness; ill humour; disposition to fret and complain. FRETTEN, fret'tn, a. Rubbed; marked, as pockfretlen; marked with the small-pox. FRETTER, fret 'tur, s. That which frets. FRETTING, fret'ting, s. Agitation; commotion. FRETTS, frets, s. A local mining term for the worn side of the banks of rivers, where shoods, or ore stones, mixed with rubbish lie, after being washed down from the hills, and which enable the miners to trace out the situation of the vein they are in search of. FRETTY, fret'te, a. Adorned with fret-work. FREYLINIA, fray-lin'e-a, s. (meaning not given by the author.) A genus of plants, consisting of shrubs with opposite leaves, and terminal panicles of flowers; natives of Africa: Order, Scrophulariaceæ. FREZIERA, fray-ze'ra, s. (in honour of A. F. Frezier, a French engineer and traveller in Chili and the South Sea.) A genus of plants, natives of South America and the West Indies: Order, Ternstromiaceae. FRIABILITY, fri-a-bil'e-te, s. (friabilis, that may be crumbled or broken small, Lat.) In Physics, the property possessed by certain substances of being readily reduced into small fragments, whether by the action of the atmosphere, or a slight mechanical pressure. FRIABLE, fri'a-bl, a. Easily crumbled or pulverized; easily reduced to powder. FRIAR, fri'ur, s. (frater, Lat. fra, Ital. frere, Fr. a brother.) A name given in common to monks of all orders. The chief and primary orders are the Franciscans, or greyfriars; Augustines; Dominicans, or blackfriars; Carmelites, or whitefriars. The term friar is restricted to such monks as are not priests, the latter being called fathers. Friar's cowl, in Botany, the plant Arum arisarum. FRIARLIKE, fri'ur-like, a. Monastic: unskilled in the world. FRIBBLER, frib'blur, s. A trifler. A fribbler is one who professes rapture for the woman, and dreads her consent.-Spectator. FRICACE, frik ́ase, s. (from frizus, fried, Lat.) Meat sliced and dressed with strong sauce; also, an unguent prepared by frying things together.-Osolete. A lord that is a leper, The knight that has the bone-ache, or a squire That hath both these, go make 'em smooth and sound With a bare fricace of your medicine.—Ben Jonzon. FRICASSEE, frik-a-se', s. (French.) A mess or dish of meat which has been first stewed, then fried and seasoned; a mess hastily prepared in a frying pan;-v. a. to dress in fricassee. FRICATION.-See Friction. FRICTION, frik'shun, s. (frico, I rub, Lat.) In Mechanics, the resistance produced by the rubbing of the surfaces of two solid substances together; the act of rubbing the surface of one body against that of another; attrition. Friction clutch, a method by which machinery is put in and out of gear. Friction cones, a method of disengaging and re-engaging machinery, without experiencing the sudden jolts to which other modes subject it to. It is performed by means of a hollow cone, being fixed on a moving shaft made to fit upon another cone, movable on a square part of its shaft, and which can, by means of a lever, be moved in and out of the gear. When the one cone is moved forward, the other receives the motion by friction against its internal surface. Friction balls, a mechanical contrivance for moving heavy weights round a centre, as in cutting a block of marble. The block is placed upon a circular piece of iron, which fits into a similar piece beneath. Several iron or stone balls are placed between the two plates, generally in a groove around the edge; or, when there is not a groove, there is a rim to prevent the balls from rolling out. Friction rollers, small cylinders fixed between the axis on which a pulley turns, and the pulley itself, the hollow axis of the latter being made larger in order to receive them. Friction wheels, when the axle of a wheel works in an immovable bush, the friction is often very great; to prevent the consequences of this extreme friction, the axle is made to rest upon the circumference of two wheels, which, turning on their centres, and bearing the axle only on two points or lines, diminish the friction very materially. In Therapeutics, the art of rubbing any part of the surface of the body with the hand, a brush, a piece of linen or flannel, dry, or with ointments or oils. FRICTIONLESS-FRIEZE. FRICTIONLESS, frik'shun-les, a. Having no fric tion. FRIDAY, fri'day, s. (frigdæg, Sax. freytag, Germ. from frigga, the Venus of the north.) The sixth day of the week; the Dies Veneris, or Venus'day of the Romans. FRIDGE, fridj, v. a. (frician, Sax.) To move hastily.-Obsolete. The little motes or atoms that fridge and play in the beams of the sun. -Hallywell. FRIEND, frend, s. (freond, Sax.) One who is attached to another by affection, opposed to foe or enemy; one not hostile; one reconciled after enmity; an attendant; a companion; a favourer; one who is propitious; a favourite; a familiar; compellation; formerly, a cant expression for a paramour of either sex; Lady, will you walk about with your friend?-Shaks. a friend at court, one who has sufficient interest to serve another; Frende in court aie better is Than penny is in purse, certis.-Chaucer. -t. a. to favour; to countenance; to support. Befriend is now used. FRIENDED, frend'ed, a. Inclined to love; well- FRIENDLESS, frend'les, a. Destitute of friends; FRIENDSHIP, frend'ship, s. Mutual, moral, and And where is fadeless friendship to be found? Poems by John Craig. FRIEZED-FRIGIDITY. nated or cushioned; and in the Corinthian and Composite it is variously decorated, according to the taste of the architect-In the Woollen manufacture, the nap on woollen cloth; also, a kind of coarse woollen cloth, or stuff, with a nap of little hard tufts on one side. Frieze punel, the upper panel of a six-panelled door. Frieze rail, the upper rail, except one, of a six-panelled door. FRIEZED, freezd, a. Napped; shaggy, with nap or frieze. FRIEZELIKE, freez'like, a. Resembling frieze. Behold the water work and play FRIGATE-BIRD.-See Tachypetes. FRIGATOON, frig-a-toon', s. A Venetian vessel FRIGHT, frite, s. (frygt, Dan. fyrhto, Sax.) Sud- v. a. To terrify; to alarm sud- Terrible; dreadful; ex- Then to her glass; and Betty, pray, FRIGID, frij'id, a. (frigidus, Lat.) Cold; want - |