Imatges de pàgina
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Torn from Pelorus, or the shatter'd side
Of thund'ring Ætna, whose combustible
And fuell'd entrails thence conceiving fire,
Sublim'd with mineral fury, aid the winds,
And leave a singed bottom all involv'd

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With stench and smoke: such resting found the sole
Of unblest feet. Him follow'd his next mate,
Both glorying to have 'scap'd the Stygian flood
As Gods, and by their own recover'd strength,
Not by the sufferance of supernal Power.

Is this the region, this the soil, the clime,
Said then the lost Arch-Angel, this the seat

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That we must change for heav'n, this mournful gloom
For that celestial light? Be' it so, since he
Who now is Sovran can dispose and bid
What shall be right: farthest from him is best,
Whom reas'on hath equall'd, force hath made
Above his equals. Farewell happy fields,
Where joy for ever dwells: Hail horrors, hail

232. Pelorus,] A promontory of Sicily, now Capo di Faro, about a mile and a half from Italy, whence Virgil angusta à sede Pelori, Æn. iii. 687. Hume.

238. Of unblest feet.] Dr. Bentley to make the accent smoother reads Of feet unblest ; but Milton could have done the same thing, if he thought proper: on the contrary he chooses almost always to put the epithet before the substantive (excepting at the end of a verse) even though the verse be the rougher for it. A plain sign that he thought it poetical to do so. Pearce.

supreme

250

246. Sovran.] So Milton spells it after the Italian Sovrano. It is not easy to account for the formation of our word Sovereign.

247. farthest from him is best,] This is expressed from the Greek proverb ποῤῥω Διος τε και κεραυνου, Far from Jupiter,

but far too from thunder. Bentley.

248. Whom reas'on hath equall'd,] Reason is to be pronounced here as one syllable, or two short ones, as it is likewise in viii. 591. and ix. 559. See the note on ver. 39.

250. -Hail horrors, hail &c.] His sentiments are every

Infernal world, and thou profoundest hell
Receive thy new possessor; one who brings
A mind not to be chang'd by place or time.
The mind is its own place, and in itself
Can make a heav'n of hell, a hell of heaven.
What matter where, if I be still the same,
And what I should be, all but less than he

way answerable to his character,
and suitable to a created being
of the most exalted and most
depraved nature. Such is that

in which he takes possession of his place of torments,

-Hail horrors, hail &c.

And afterwards,

-Here at least We shall be free; &c. Amidst those impieties which this enraged Spirit utters in other places of the poem, the author has taken care to introduce none that is not big with absurdity, and incapable of shocking a religious reader; his words, as the poet himself describes them, bearing only a semblance of worth, not substance. He is likewise with great art described as owning his adversary to be almighty. Whatever perverse interpretation he puts on the justice, mercy, and other attributes of the Supreme Being, he frequently confesses his omnipotence, that being the perfection he was forced to allow him, and the only consideration which could support his pride under the shame of his defeat. must I omit that beautiful circumstance of his bursting out into tears, upon his survey of those innumerable Spirits whom

Nor

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he had involved in the same guilt and rain with himself. Addison.

252. Receive thy new possessor;] This passage seems to be an improvement upon Sophocles, Ajax 395, where Ajax, before he kills himself, cries out much in the same manner.

Ιω σκοτος, εμον φαος, ερεμνος
Ω φαινον ὡς εμοι,
Ελεσε έλεσθ' οικήτορα,
Έλεσθε με.

(Ed. Turneb.)

253. by place or time.] Milton is excellent in placing his words: invert them only, and say by time or place, and if the reader has any ear, he will perceive how much the alteration is for the worse. For the pause falling upon place in the first line by time or place, and again upon place in the next line The mind is its own place, would offend the ear, and therefore is artfully varied.

254. The mind is its own place,] These are some of the extravagancies of the Stoics, and could not be better ridiculed than they are here by being put in the mouth of Satan in his present situation. Thyer.

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257. all but] I have heard it proposed to read albeit, that is although; but prefer the common reading.

Whom thunder hath made greater? Here at least
We shall be free; th' Almighty hath not built

Here for his envy, will not drive us hence:
Here we may reign secure, and in my choice.
To reign is worth ambition though in hell:
Better to reign in hell, than serve in heaven.
But wherefore let we then our faithful friends,
Th' associates and copartners of our loss,
Lie thus astonish'd on th' oblivious pool,
And call them not to share with us their part
In this unhappy mansion, or once more
With rallied arms to try what may be yet
Regain'd in heav'n, or what more lost in hell?
So Satan spake, and him Beëlzebub
Thus answer'd. Leader of those armies bright,
Which but th' Omnipotent none could have foil'd,
If once they hear that voice, their liveliest pledge

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265

270

259.

th' Almighty hath not built

Here for his envy,] This is not a place that God should envy us, or think it too good for us; and in this sense the word envy is used in several places of the poem, and particularly in iv. 517. viii. 494. and ix. 770.

263. Better to reign in hell, than serve in heaven.] This is a wonderfully fine improvement upon Prometheus's answer to Mercury in Eschylus. Prom. Vinct. 965.

Της σης λατρείας της εμην δυσπραξίαν,
Σαφώς επίστασ', ουκ αν αλλαξαιμ' εγω
Κρείσσον γαρ οίμαι τηδε λατρεύειν πέτρα,
Η πατρι φύναι Ζηνι πι στον αγγελον.

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Of hope in fears and dangers, heard so oft
In worst extremes, and on the perilous edge
Of battle when it rag'd, in all assaults
Their surest signal, they will soon resume
New courage and revive, though now they lie
Grovelling and prostrate on yon lake of fire,
As we ere while, astounded and amaz'd,
No wonder, fall'n such a pernicious height.

He scarce had ceas'd when the superior Fiend

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Was moving tow'ard the shore; his pond'rous shield,
Ethereal temper, massy, large and round,

Behind him cast; the broad circumference
Hung on his shoulders like the moon, whose orb

276. on the perilous edge
Of battle]

Perhaps he had in mind Virgil,
En. ix. 528.

Et mecum ingentes oras evolvite
belli.

Jortin.

Shakespeare has an expression very like this in 2 Hen. IV. act i.

You knew, he walk'd o'er perils, on an edge

More likely to fall in, than to get o'er:

285

author himself would incline one to think so by his use of this metaphor in another place, vi.

108.

On the rough edge of battle ere it join'd.

276.] The expression was probably derived from the very common Greek phrase s ugov ακμής. See Lucian, tom. ii. p. 605. ed. Reitz. Dunster.

282-fall'n such a pernicious height.] Dr. Bentley reads fall'n and something like it in 1 Hen. from such prodigious height: but IV. act i.

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the epithet pernicious is much
stronger, and as for the want of
a preposition, that is common
in this poem; for thus in i. 723.
Stood fix'd her stately height.
And in ii. 409.

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Through optic glass the Tuscan artist views
At evening from the top of Fesolé,
Or in Valdarno, to descry new lands,
Rivers or mountains in her spotty globe.
His spear, to equal which the tallest pine
Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast
Of some great ammiral, were but a wand,
He walk'd with to support uneasy steps
Over the burning marle, not like those steps
On heaven's azure, and the torrid clime

splendor of Achilles' shield to the moon, Iliad. xix. 373.

αυταρ έπειτα σακος μέγα τι, στι
Cagov TS,

Είλετο, τουδ' απάνευθε σιλας γενετ', οὔτε

but the shield of Satan was large as the moon seen through a telescope, an instrument first applied to celestial observations by Galileo, a native of Tuscany, whom he means here by the Tuscan artist, and afterwards mentions by name in v. 262. à testimony of his honour for so great a man, whom he had known and visited in Italy, as himself informs us in his Areopagitica.

289. Fesolé,] Is a city in Tuscany; Valdarno, or the valley of Arno, a valley there. Richardson.

292. His spear, to equal which the tallest pine, &c.] Homer, Odyss. ix. 322. makes the club, of Polyphemus as big as the mast of a ship,

Οσσον β' ίστον νηος

and Virgil gives him a pine to walk with, En. iii. 659.

VOL. I.

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295

Trunca manu pinus regit et vestigia firmat.

and Tasso arms Tancred and
Argantes with two spears as big
as masts, cant. vi. st. 40.

Posero in resta, e dirizzaro in alto
I duo guerrier le noderose antenne.
These sons of Mavors bore (instead of
spears)

Two knotty masts, which none but
they could lift Fairfax.
well then might Milton assign
a spear so much larger to s0
superior a being.

293. -Norwegian hills,] The hills of Norway, barren and rocky, but abounding in vast woods, from whence are brought masts of the largest size. Hume.

294. ammiral,] According to its German extraction amiral or amirael, says Hume; from the Italian ammiraglio, says Richardson more probably. Our author made choice of this, as thinking it of a better sound than admiral: and in Latin he writes ammiralatús curia, the court of admiralty.

294. —ammiral,]

The ship which carries the admiral. Johnson's Dictionary.

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