Vopadeva makes Ac. sing. and pl. follow q. When such nouns have a feminine, m. f., ' tawny,' makes for the Ac. pl. f. f. superior understanding' (formed from the compound

the Ac. plur. ends in s: thus g. A word like

verb), when used as a fem. noun, is treated as a polysyllable, and follows , except in D. Ab., &c., where it takes the second inflections (D. sing. प्रध्यै, &c.). But when used adjectively, in the sense 'having superior understanding,' it follows throughout, both for masc. and fem., but may optionally for the fem. be declined like the fem. substantive. The voc. fem. may be for f. Two rare nouns, सुखी one who loves pleasure' and 'one who wishes for a son,' also follow, but in Ab. G. sing. make H, HYA.

h. Monosyllabic nouns primitively feminine (like f., ¥ f., ✯ f., at 123, f. 'the eye-brow'), forming the last member of a compound adjective, still follow the declension of monosyllables, but use the first inflections only in the D. Ab. G. L. cases and G. plur., for the masc., and may optionally use them for the fem.: thus, N. गतभोस् m. f., ' fearless,' is गतभिये only in D. sing. m., - भिये or -भियै in D. sing. f. So also, m. f. intelligent,' m. f. having pure thoughts,' m. f. 'stupid,' m. f. having good fortune,' thus, N. V., -i, -ya; Ac. yyi, &c.

m. f. having beautiful brows:' According to Vopadeva, the voc. f. may be, but this alternative is generally restricted to those compounds which have one consonant before the final vowel: thus, ; V. fem. VA or Yfv.

i. When primitively feminine nouns, not monosyllabic, occur at the end of compounds they preserve their fem. terminations (except in acc. pl.) though used as masc. adjectives (i. e. according to Pán. I. 4, 3, they retain their nadí character); thus बहुश्रेयसी, m. ‘a man of many excellences,' is thus declined: N., -स्यौ, स्यस्; V. - सि, &c. ; Ac. -सीं, स्यौ, सीन्; I. - स्या, -सीभ्यां, &c.; D. - स्यै, &c.; Ab. G. -, &c.; L. -i, &c. Similarly (but N. sing. will end in), fm. f. one who has surpassed Lakshmi,' it m. f. 'deprived of fortune,' fm. f. 'victorious over hosts' (N. afaqqa, -râl, -मु; Ac. -मूं, स्वौ, मून्, Ac. pl. f. - मूस ; I - म्वा, मूभ्यां, &c. D. -म्वै, &c.; Ab. -, &c.); but the last three may follow Vopadeva's declension of fat 126.ƒ.

-म्वस्; V.

j. All adjectives ending in í and ú shorten the final vowel for the neuter gender, and follow the declension of vári; but in the I. D. Ab. G. and L. cases they may optionally take the masc. terminations: thus, N. V. sing. neut. ; 1. nafuat or गतभिया; D. गतभिने or गतभिये, &c. N. V. Ac. sing. जलपि; I. जलपिना or · - प्या, &c. N. V. Ac. खलपु; I. - पुना or -प्वा. N. V. Ac. बहुश्रेयसि ; I. - श्रेयसिना or - श्रेयस्या; D. -श्रेयसिने or श्रेयस्ये, &c. N. V. Ac. ग्रामणि; I. - णिना or एया.

FOURTH CLASS OF NOMINAL BASES INFLECTED.

Masculine, feminine, and neuter bases in ☛ ṛi.

127. Masculine bases in ri, declined like z dátṛi, m., ‘ a giver,’ and fɑŋ pitṛi, m., a father.' The former is the model of nouns of agency (83); the latter, of nouns of relationship.

In nouns of agency like dátri the final ri is vriddhied (28), and in nouns of relationship like pitri (except naptṛi, 'a grandson,' and seasri, 'a sister') gunated, in the strong cases (see p. 86); but the r of ár and ar is dropped in N. sing., and to compensate in the last case a is lengthened. In both, the final ri is gunated in L. V. sing., and ur is substituted for final ri and the initial a of as in Ab. G. sing. In Ac. G. pl. final ri is lengthened, and assumes n in G. pl. Hence the inflective bases dátṛi, dátár, dátar, dátṛí, dátur; and pitṛi, pitar, pitrí, pitur.

This class answers to doτýρ, Tατýρ, pater, &c.; ri being equivalent to ar: and it is remarkable, that dátáram, dátáras, &c., bear the same relation to pitaram, pitaras, &c., that δοτήρα, δοτήρες, δοτῆρι, &c., bear to πατέρα, πατέρες, πατέρι, &c. Compare also the Latin datoris from dator with patris from pater.

a. Note-There is elision of s at the end of a conjunct consonant after r; hence in Ab. G. daturs and piturs become dátur and pitur. Compare 43. a. E

dátáras (doτnρes)

dátár+as

दातॄन् dätrin

दाता data

दातारौ dátárau

N.

dátá (rs rejected)

dátár+au

dátrí+n

Observe-Pitri seems to be corrupted from pátri, ‘a protector' (pá, to protect'). The cognate languages have preserved the root in warp, pater, ‘father,' &c. The Latin Jupiter, however, is literally Dyu-pitar, or rather Dyaush-pitar, 'father of heaven.' It is clear that bases like dátṛi, pitṛi, &c., originally ended in ar.

a. Observe- naptṛi, ‘a grandson' (though said to be derived from na and pitri, 'not the father'), is declined like ¿ dátṛi.

b. There are a few nouns, which neither express relationship nor agency, falling under this class. Inṛi, m., ‘a man,' is said to be declined like pitṛi: thus, N. Al ná, Ac. JÍ, I. F, D., Ab. G. JT, &c. It is doubtful, however, whether the forms, à, are ever used, at least, by good writers. The following forms certainly occur: N. sing. I, Ac. t; N. Ac. du. , I. D. Ab. i, G. L. नरोस्; N. pl. नरस्, Ac. नॄन्, D. Ab. नृभ्यस्, G. नृणां or नृणां, L. नृपु; but in the inst. dat. gen. loc. sing., the corresponding cases of are generally substituted. C. g m., ‘a jackal,' must form its strong cases (except V. sing.) and may form its weak cases (p. 86) from क्रोष्टृ. N. क्रोष्टा, -ष्टारो -ष्टारम; Ac. -ष्टारं ष्टारौ, -ष्ट्रन or -टृन्; I. -ष्ट्रा or -टुना, -टुभ्यां, &c. D. ट्रे or -ष्टवे, &c.; Ab. - टुर् or -टोस्, &c.; G.

-GT or -MA, -PA or -Gìa, -qui or -gai ; L. -gft or -, &c.; V. -. As the

र् -ट्रोस्

last member of a compound adjective, in the neuter, alone is used. d. Nouns like m. ‘a charioteer,' m. ‘a carpenter,'

m.,

होतृ

m.,

पोतृ

m., 'different kinds of priests,' m. 'a warrior,' of course, follow dátṛi. But a charioteer,' follows pitri.

m.,

129. Feminine bases in ri belong to nouns of relationship, like mátri, a mother' (from má, to create,' the producer'); and only differ from pitṛi in acc. plur., which ends in s instead of n: thus, Compare unτnp, unтépa, voc. μnтeр.

a.

srasṛi, a sister,' however, follows dátṛi; but the Ac. pl. is still E. The lengthening of the penultimate is probably caused by the loss of the t from tri, preserved in the English sister. So soror for sostor.

b. The feminine base of nouns of agency is formed by adding í to the final ri: thus, et +, erat dátrí, f., ' a giver;' and aЯ+, at f.a doer.' See 80. XXVI. Their declension follows nadí at 106. 130. The neuter base is thus declined : N. Ac. दातृ, दातृणी, दातृणि; V. दातर or The rest may conform to rári at 114, or resemble the masc.: thus, I. EIEN or, &c. But neuter bases in ri belong generally to nouns of agency or

of relationship, when used at the end of compound adjectives, such as

dátri, giving much,' or fee

having a divine mother,' or f

bahu

divya-mátri, agreeing with, i. e. a family having two mothers' (compare durp). Their

declension may resemble that of vári at 114, or conform to the masc. in all cases but the N. V. Ac. : thus, N. Ac. दातृ, दातृणी, दातृणि; V. दातृ or दातर्, &c.; I.

दातृणा or दात्रा, &c.; D. दातृणे or दावे, &c. ; Ab. G. दातृणस् or दातुर्, &c.; L. amor, दातृणि or दातरि, &c. N. Ac. मातृ, मातृणी, मातृणि; V. -मातृ or -मातर्, &c.; I. - मातृणा or -मात्रा, &c.

Nouns ending in ai, o, au.

131. We may notice here a few monosyllabic nouns, whose bases end in ì, ì, and ì, not sufficiently numerous to form separate classes. rai, m. f., ́ substance,' 'wealth' (Lat. res): N. voc. U, TIÂÌ, TIYA; Ac. रायं, &c.; I. राया, राभ्यां, राभिस् (rebus); D. राये, राभ्यां, राभ्यस् ; Ab. रायस्, &c.; G. रायस, रायोस्, रायां; L. रायि, &c.

132.

133. गो go, m. f., a cow' or 'ox' (bos, Bous), 'the earth:' N. voc. गावस् ; Ac. गां, गावौ गास; I. गया, गोभ्यां, गोभिस ;

G. गोस्, गवोस्, गवां ; L. गवि (bori), गवोस्, गोषु.

134.

nu, mâì,

D. गवे, &c. ; Ab. गोस्, &c. ;

Compare गां with yöv.

nau, f., a ship' (cf. navis, vavs), is declined at 94, being the most regular of all nouns. With the N. pl. návas, compare naves, vães (vões). The gen. vós for vãos or vaFosnávas. Similarly may be declined m. the moon;' N. glaus, glávau, glávas, &c.

a. These nouns may occur at the end of compounds; as, बहुरे ' rich,' उपगो ‘near a cow,’ बहुनौ ‘having many ships.' In that case the neuter is बहुरि, उपगु, and बहुनु; of which the inst. cases will be बहुरिणा or बहुराया, उपगुना or उपगवा, बहुनुना or बहुनावा ; and so with the other vowel-cases: but बहुरि becomes बहुरा before all consonantal terminations, except the nom. sing.

SECTION II.

INFLECTION OF NOUNS WHOSE BASES END IN CONSONANTS, OR OF THE LAST FOUR CLASSES OF NOUNS.

135. Observe-The last four classes of nouns, though comprehending many substantives, consist chiefly of adjectives, participles, or roots used as adjectives at the end of compound words. All the nouns under these remaining classes take the memorial terminations at 91 with perfect regularity.

a. These terminations are here repeated with Bopp's division into strong, weaker, and weakest, as applicable especially to nouns ending in consonants (though not to all of these even). The strong will be denoted by the letter S, the weaker may be called middle and denoted by the letter M, and the weakest by the letter w.

But in those nouns which distinguish between strong and weak cases only, the weak will be indicated by both M and w.

That is, the strong cases in both masc. and fem. are the Nom. Voc. sing. du. and pl. and the Acc. sing. du. The weaker or middle cases are those of the remainder whose terminations begin with consonants, and the weakest are those whose terminations begin with vowels. In neuter nouns the N. V. Ac. sing. are middle, the N. V. Ac. du. weak, but both N. and Ac. plur. are strong. Hence it follows that the acc. pl., and in neuter nouns the inst. sing., is generally the guide to the form assumed before the remaining vowelterminations. This division of cases has not been noticed before, because it is of no real importance for bases ending in vowels. That it applies to bases ending in ri is accounted for by the fact that these originally ended in ar.

b. In Pánini the strong terminations are called sarva-náma-sthána (P. I. 1, 42, 43), and the name bha is given to the base before the weak.

FIFTH CLASS OF NOMINAL BASES INFLECTED.

Masculine, feminine, and neuter bases in at and d.

This class answers to Latin words like comes (from a base comit), eques (from a base equit), ferens (from ferent); and to Greek words like Xápis (from a base χαριτ), κέρας (from κερατ), χαρίεις (from χαριεντ).

136. Masculine and feminine bases in t, declined like efɩ harit, m. f., 'green' (declined at p. 68), and aft sarit, f. ' a river.'

The inflective base does not differ from the crude base.

Observe-The nom. case sing. is properly harits, but s is rejected by 43. a. The same applies to all nouns ending in consonants. So αιδήμων for αἴδημονς ; but it is remarkable, that Latin and Greek, when the final of the base refuses to combine with the s of the nom., often prefer rejecting the base-final: thus, xápis for xapits, comes for comits. In these languages the final consonant may frequently combine with the s of the nom.; as in lex (for leks), pλó§ (for pλ0K5).