whenever the original termination has to be modified, it will be desirable that the termination be exhibited in its altered form: thus, at 103, under the accus. sing., siva+m denotes, that the base is to be joined with m, substituted for the original termination am. See the table, page 69.

SECTION I.

INFLECTION OF NOUNS, SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE, WHOSE BASES END IN VOWELS, or of the FIRST FOUR CLASSES OF NOUNS.

FIRST CLASS OF NOMINAL BASES INFLECTED.

Masculine and neuter bases in a; feminine bases in ☎á and §‡í.

Note, that this class comprises by far the greater number of nouns, substantive and adjective, in the language. It answers to a common class of Latin and Greek words in us and 05, um and ov, a and a; such as lupus, λúkos (= Sans. vṛikas, nom. of vṛika); donum, depov; terra, xúpa (=); and to adjectives like bonus, áyalós, &c.

103. (A; see r. 100.) Masculine bases in a, declined like fara siva, m., the god Siva,' or as an adjective, 'prosperous.'

The final of the base is lengthened in D. Ab. sing., I. D. Ab. du., G. pl.; and changed to e in G. L. du., D. Ab. L. pl.: n is euphonically affixed to the final in G. pl. Hence the four inflective bases siva, sivá, sive, siván.

104. Neuter bases in a, declined like for siva, n., 'prosperous.' The final of the base is lengthened and assumes n in N. Ac. V. pl.

शिवम् Sivam

N. Ac.

siva+m. 97.

fara sive
siva +í. 32.

शिवानि sivani
sivá+n+i

The vocative is शिव siva, शिवे sive, शिवानि siváni; all the other cases are like the masculine.

105. (B; see r. 100.) Feminine bases in á, declined like for sivá, f., 'the wife of Siva,' or as an adjective, 'prosperous.'

The final of the base is changed to e in I, sing., G. L. du.; yá is inserted in D. Ab. G. L. sing.; and n in G. pl. Hence the inflective bases sivá, śive.

106. Feminine bases in í, declined like nadi, f., a river.'

The final of the base becomes y before the vowel-terminations, by 34; á is inserted in D. Ab. G. sing.; the final of the base is shortened in V. sing.; and n is inserted in G. pl.

The classical student will recognise in the terminations of siva, sivá, and nadí many resemblances to Latin and Greek terminations, remembering that Sanskrit a corresponds to Latin u and Greek 0; Sanskrit m to Latin m and Greek ; Sanskrit á to Latin a and Greek 7 or a, or in gen. plur. to w; Sanskrit í to Greek and Latin i; Sanskrit bh or bhy to Latin b. See 11. .ƒ, and 97. a.

107. In accordance with 58, such words as mṛiga, m., 'a deer;'

purusha, m., ́ a man ;' è¶ bháryá, f., ‘a wife ;' Ħ✪ kumárí, f., ‘a girl’—must be written, in the inst. sing. m. and the gen. pl. m. f., with the cerebral : thus, ¿u mṛigeṇa, yeùo, quoi, yemoi, wrârui, gardui. When n is final, as in the acc. pl. m., पुरुषेण, मृगाणां, पुरुषाणां, भार्याणां, it remains unchanged, in accordance with 58.

a. Observe, monosyllabic nouns in í, like f. ‘fortune,' 'ff. ́fear,' &c., vary from nadí in the manner explained at 123.

b. Observe also, that feminine nouns inú, like f. 'a wife,' are declined analogously to nadí, excepting in the nom. sing., where s is not rejected. See 125.

108. When a feminine noun ending in á is taken to form the last member of a compound adjective, it is declined like siva for the masculine and neuter. Thus, from vidya, "learning,' alpa-vidyas, alpa-vidyá, alpa-vidyam, possessed of little learning.' Similarly, a masculine noun takes the fem. and neut. terminations; and a neuter noun, the masc. and fem.

a. When roots ending in á, such as pá, 'to drink' or 'to preserve,' are taken for the last member of compound words, they form their neuter like the neuter of siva. For their masculine and feminine they assume the memorial terminations regularly, rejecting, however, the final of the base in the Ac. pl. and remaining weak or vowel-cases: thus, soma-pá, m. f., ‘a drinker of Soma juice;' N. V. -पास्, -पौ, -पास्; Ac. - पां, - पौ, पस्; I. - पा, पाभ्यां, &c.; D. - पे, &c. Similarly, विश्वपा 'protector of the universe' and शङ्खध्मा ' a shell-blower.'

b. háhá, m., 'a Gandharba' or 'celestial minstrel,' assumes the terminations with the regular euphonic changes, but the Ac. pl. ends in: thus, N. V., हाहौ, हाहास; A. हाहां, हाहौ, हाहान; I हाहा, &c.; D. हाहै, &c.; Ab. हाहास, &c.; G. हाहास्, हाहौस, हाहां; L. हाहे, &c.

c. The voc. cases of ambá, akká, and allá, all signifying 'mother,' are W,W,, 'O mother!'

d.

jará, f. decay,' forms some of its cases optionally from jaras, see 171.

e. दन्त m. a tooth,' मास m. ́a month,' पाद m. ́a foot,' यूष m. n. 'soup,' सास्य n. the face,'n. 'the heart,' n. 'water,' n. ́the head,' I n.' flesh,' निशा f. ' night' नासिका f. 'the nose,' पृतना f. 'an army,' may substitute दन्, मास्, पद्, यूषन्, आसन्, हृद्, उदन्, शीर्षन्, मांस्, निश्, नस्, पृत्, in the acc. pl. and remaining

cases. In the neut. nouns, the nom. pl. does not admit the same substitute as the acc. pl. according to most grammarians. Thus, will be Ac. pl. f or उदानि; I. sing. उदकेन or उद्रा Again, नासिका in I. du. will be नासिकाभ्यां or नोभ्यां ; and मांस, मांसाभ्यां or मान्भ्यां.

109. To convince the student of the absolute necessity of studying the declension of this first class of nouns, he is recommended to turn back to rule 80. He will there find given, under twenty-eight heads, the most usual forms of nouns, substantive and adjective, which follow this declension. All the masculine and neuter substantives in this list are declined like siva, and all the feminine either like sivá or nadí. Again, all the adjectives in this list follow the same three examples for their three genders. Again, according to siva masc. and neut., and sivá fem., are declined all present participles, Atmane-pada (see 526, 527, 528); all passive past participles, which are the most common of verbal derivatives (see 530); all future passive participles (see 568); all participles of the second future, Atmane (see 578); many ordinals, like prathama (208). Lastly, according to nadí feminine, are also declined the feminines of innumerable adjectives, see 80. XIII. XIV; the feminines of participles, like kritavat (553, and 140. a) and vividvas (see 554 and 168); the feminines of many ordinals, like ćaturtha (209).

SECOND AND THIRD CLASSES OF NOMINAL BASES INFLECTED.

The declension of the 2d and 3d classes of nouns (see 81 and 82) is exhibited together, that their analogy may be more readily perceived. 2d class-Masculine, feminine, and neuter bases ini.

3d class-Masculine, feminine, and neuter bases in u.

Note, that the 2d class answers to Latin and Greek words like ignis, turris, nóλis, πίστις, mare, μέλι; and the 3d, to words like gradus, βότρυς, ἡδὺς, μέθυ.

110. (C.) Masculine bases ini, declined like a agni, m. (ignis), fire.'

The final of the base is gunated in D. Ab. G. V. sing., N. pl.; lengthened in

N. Ac. V. du., Ac. G. pl.; dropped in L. sing., or, according to Pánini, changed to a; n is inserted in I. sing., G. pl. Hence the inflective bases agni, agní, agne, agn.

अग्नीन् agnin

Ac.

agni+m

agní+n

The inflective base varies as in the last. Pánini makes it in L. sing. bhána. Perhaps the locative was originally bhánavi (such a form actually occurring in the Veda); and i being dropped, bhánav would become bhánáv (bhánau).

N.

{ भानुस्

bhánus

bhánu+s

भानुम् bhānum

bhánu+m

भानवस् bhinavas bháno+as. 36.

भानू bháni
bhánú (au rejected)

Ac.