II. it (nom. -it, in all genders), after Guņa of the root, forming a few substantives and adjectives; as, from sṛi, to flow,' af sarit, f., ‘a stream ;' from to seize,' f'green,' 'Vishnu.'

III. There are a few other nouns int andd, of uncertain derivation; as, मरुत् m.‘the wind,’ शरद् f. ' autumn,' दृषद् or दृशद् f. ' a stone,' कुमुद् n. ‘a lotus.’

By adding to the base of NOUNS

IV. π vat (nom. -ván, -vatí, -vat), if the base ends in a or á*, forming innumerable adjectives; as, from dhana, 'wealth,' dhanavat, possessed of wealth.' This and the next affix are universally applicable, and are of the utmost utility to form adjectives of possession. Sometimes vat is added to bases in s and t; as in tejasvat (compare 69. a) and vidyutvat (see 45. a). Compare Greek forms in eis (for Fels), εντ; as, χαρίεις, χαρίεντ, δακρυόεις, δακρυόεντ, &c.

V. mat (nom. -mún, -matí, -mat), if the base ends in i, í, or u, to form adjectives like the preceding; as, from dhí, 'wisdom,' dhímat, 'wise;' from amsu, 'a ray,' amsumat, 'radiant.'

85. SIXTH CLASS.-Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter bases in an

I.

and
इन् in.

Formed by adding to ROOTS

an (nom. -á), forming a few masculine nouns; as, rájan, ‘a king,' from ráj, 'to be glorious;' takshan, 'a carpenter,' from taksh, 'to cleave;' ukshan,‘a bull' (compare English oxen), from uksh, to impregnate;' snehan, ‘a friend,' from snih, 'to love,' &c. Greek and Latin have similar formations in wv, ov, v, av, on and in; as, TEKTOV = (TÉKTWY), Eikov (-Kwv), homin (homo), &c. nag (téktwv),

II. 4 man (nom. -ma), after Guņa of the root, forming neuter substantives; as, from kri, 'to do,' karman, ‘a deed.' This affix corresponds to the Latin men, in regimen, agmen, stamen, &c.; and to the Greek μwv, in μvýμwv, tλńμwv, &c.: but adjectives in man, like 'prosperous,' are rare in Sanskrit. A few nouns in man are masculine; as, átman, 'soul' (nom. -má); the hot season;' शुष्मन् 'fire;' पाप्मन् 'sin;' सीमन् 'a border ;' अश्मन् 'a stone.'

III.

van (nom. -vá, -vá, -va), forming a few substantives and adjectives; as, seeing,' 'a looker,' from driś, 'to see.'

By adding to roots or to the base of NOUNS

IV. iman (nom. -imá), forming masculine abstract substantives. If the noun ends in a or u, these vowels are rejected; as, from kála, 'black,' káliman, 'blackness;' from laghu, light,' laghiman, 'lightness;' from mridu, 'soft,'

* Vat is not often found added to feminine bases. It occurs, however, occasionally; as, कान्तावत् 'having a wife,' शिखावत् 'crested.'

mradiman, &c. If it ends in a consonant, this consonant, with its preceding vowel, is rejected; as, from mahat, ‘great,' mahiman, 'greatness.' A medial ri before a simple consonant is changed to ra, but not before a double consonant; as, from 'black,' blackness.' A final ri is gunated; as, sariman, 'going,' from sri, 'to go;' stariman, ' a bed,' from strí, 'to spread' (compare stramen); hariman, 'time,' from hṛi, 'to seize,' &c. Iman is generally added to adjectives, and the same changes generally take place before it, that take place before the affixes íyas and ishṭha (see 192): thus, gariman, 'weight;' preman, 'affection;' draghiman, 'length;' bhúman, 'much;' prathiman, 'largeness,' &c.

V.

By adding to ROOTS—

in (nom. -í, -iní, -i), after Vriddhi of a final vowel and medial a, and Guna of any other medial vowel, forming nouns of agency of three genders (see 582. b); as, from kṛi, ‘to do,' kárin, ‘a doer.' Compare Greek and Latin formations in ov and on; as, TEKTOV (-KTwv), edon (edo), &c.

By adding to the base of NOUNS—

VI.in (nom. -í, -iní, -i), forming innumerable adjectives of possession. The final of a base is rejected before this affix; as, from dhana, 'wealth,' dhanin, 'wealthy;' from málá, a garland,' málin, ' garlanded;' from vrihi, 'rice,' vríhin, 'having rice.' Compare Greek and Latin formations in wy and on; as, yvál-wv, 'having cheeks;' nason (naso),‘having a nose.'

VII. fa vin (nom. -ví, -viní, -vi), if the base ends in á or as, forming a few adjectives; as, from medhá, 'intellect,' medhávin, ‘intellectual;' from tejas, splendour,' tejasvin, 'splendid.' Compare 69. a.

VIII. f■ min (nom. -mí, -miní, -mi); as, from váć, speech,' vágmin, ‘eloquent ;' from go, 'a cow,' gomin, ʻrich in herds ;' from sva, 'own' (with lengthening of the final), svámin, 'owner.'

86. SEVENTH CLASS.-Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter bases in

I.

अस् as, इस् is, and उस् us.

Formed by adding to ROOTS

as (nom. -as), after Guņa, forming a great many neuter substantives; as, from man, to think,' manas, 'the mind;' from sṛi, 'to go,' saras, 'water.' It also forms one or two masculine and feminine nouns; as, vedhas, m., ' Brahmá ;' éandramas, m., 'the moon;' apsaras, f., 'a nymph;' ushas, f., 'the dawn,' from ush, 'to glow:' but in these the nominative is long (-ás).

II. is or Jus (nom. -is, -us). In place of as, the neuter affixes is or us are occasionally added; as, from hu, 'to offer,' havis, 'ghee;' from ćaksh, 'to look,' ćakshus, 'the eye.' See 68. a. With as compare the Latin es in nubes (Anabhas), sedes (H&H sadas), &c.; but especially the us and ur of words like genus, scelus, robur. Compare also the Greek formations wáb-os, ed-os, μév-os, evd-os, &c.; and such compounds as evμevýs, neut. evμevés, &c.

87. EIGHTH CLASS.-Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter bases in any Consonant, except at and ad, an, as.

द्

bhuj

Formed by using ROOTS as adjectives, substantives, or nouns of agencyAny root may be used to form an adjective or a noun of agency, provided it be the last member of a compound word: thus, from to be able,' sarvaśak, 'omnipotent.' Those roots which end in t or d, or in a short vowel, having t affixed, have been already noticed as falling under the fifth class. This eighth class is intended to comprise all other roots, ending in any consonant; as, (nom. भुक्‘an eater'); राज् ráj, m. ( nom. राट् 'a king'); प्राच्छ् (nom. प्राठ् 'an asker'); बुध् (nom. भुत् 'a knower' ) ; पुर् f. ( nom. पूस् ' a city '); गिर् f. ( nom. गीस्'a voice'); दिव् f. (nom. द्यौस् ' the sky'); स्पृश् (nom. स्पृक् ‘one who touches'); विश् (nom. विद् one who enters'); fee (nom. fm? one who licks'); दुह् (nom. धुक् 'one who milks'). Similarly, the desid. base, fq (nom. fqua one who wishes to cook'). There are also a few other nouns derived from roots falling under this class; as, तृष्णज्‘thirsty’ (nom. तृष्णक्); ऋत्विज् m. a priest' (nom. ऋत्विक्); असृज् n. ‘blood’ (nom.); and a few substantives formed by prefixing prepositions to roots; as, afЯy f. ‘fuel' (nom. f), from the root to kindle' (see 43 and 75, with note).

A few roots standing by themselves as substantives may fall under this class: thus, f. 'battle' (nom. ); f. 'hunger' (nom. ;f. speech' (nom.), from vać, to speak,' the medial a being lengthened. Greek and Latin use a few monosyllabic roots in the same manner; as, of (on), prók all f (pλoy), &c.; and Latin vox (voc), lex (leg), dux (duc).

and dom is cons

CHAPTER IV.

DECLENSION; OR INFLECTION OF THE BASE OF NOUNS,
SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

88. HAVING explained how the crude base of nouns is generally formed, we have now to shew how it is inflected.

As, in the last chapter, nouns, substantive and adjective, were arranged under eight classes, according to the final of their bases (the first four classes comprising those ending in vowels, the last four those ending in consonants), so it will be the object of the present chapter to exhibit their declension or inflection under the

same eight classes. Moreover, as every class comprises adjectives as well as substantives, so it is intended that the declension of a masculine, feminine, and neuter substantive, exhibited under each, shall serve as the model for the declension of masculine, feminine, and neuter adjectives coming under the same class.

89. The learner will have already gathered that the noun has three genders, and that the gender is, in many cases, determinable from the termination of the base. Thus, nearly all bases in á, í, and those formed with the affix ti (r. 81. V), are feminine: nearly all nouns whose crudes end in ana, tva, ya, tra (see under 80), as, is, us (86), and man (85. II), are neuter; those in iman (85. IV) are generally masculine; but those in a, i, u, and ri, are not reducible to rule. The nominative case is, however, in the first of these instances a guide to the gender; as, devas, a deity,' is masculine; but dánam, 'a gift,' neuter. And in other cases the meaning of the word; as, pitṛi, 'a father,' is masculine; and mátṛi, a mother,' feminine.

90. In Sanskrit, nearly all the relations between the words in a sentence are expressed by inflections. A great many prepositions exist in the language, but in the later or classical Sanskrit they are not often used alone in government with any case, their chief use being as prefixes to verbs and nouns. This leads to the necessity for eight cases, which are regularly built upon the base. These are called, 1. nominative (prathamá or kartṛi); 2. accusative (dvitíyá or karma); 3. instrumental (tritíyá or karana); 4. dative (ćaturthi or sampradána); 5. ablative (panćamí or apádána); 6. genitive (shashṭhí or sambandha); 7. locative (saptami or adhikarana); 8. vocative (sambuddhi). Of these, the third and seventh are new to the classical student. The instrumental denotes the instrument or agent by which or by whom a thing is done; as, tena kṛitam, 'done by him.' The locative generally refers to the place or time in which any thing is done; as, Ayodhyayám, in Ayodhyά;' púrvakále, ' in former time; bhúmau, ' on the ground †. Hence it follows that the ablative is generally

These cases will sometimes be denoted by their initial letters. Thus N. will denote nominative; I., instrumental.

† Both these cases are used to denote various other relations. See the Chapter on Syntax, r. 805, 817.

K

restricted to the sense from, and can rarely be used, as in Latin and Greek, to express other relations, such as by, with, in, &c. See 812.

91. According to the Indian system of teaching, each of these eight cases has three numbers, singular (ekavaćana), dual (dvivaćana), and plural (bahuvaćana); and to each belongs a termination which is considered to be peculiarly its own, serving alike for masculine (pumlin-ga), feminine (strí-lin-ga), and neuter gender (klíva or napumsakalin-ga). Again, according to the native system, some of the terminations may be combined with memorial letters to aid pronunciation or assist the memory. Thus the proper termination of the nominative singular iss (expressible by Visarga: before k, kh, p, ph, and the sibilants, or at the end of a sentence, see 63); but the memorial termination is su, the letter u being only memorial. Similarly, the termination of the nominative plural is jas, the j being memorial. The two schemes of termination (vibhakti, Páņ. I. 4, 104), with and without the memorial letters, are here exhibited. The first is given in small type, as being of no importance excepting as subservient to the second.

Terminations with memorial letters.

(Observe-The memorial or servile letters are printed in capitals.)

* The vowel u, which is of course merely memorial or servile, to enable the s, which is the real termination, to be pronounced, may possibly be used, in preference to any other vowel, to indicate that final s, in certain positions, is liable to be liquefied into u. The object of the of in the acc. du. is to enable a pratyáhára (or before soft letters) to be formed, denoting the first five inflections or strong cases.