Imatges de pàgina
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words, which might otherwise appear unconnected; and words which, when viewed apart from the root, are isolated symbols, demanding a separate effort of memory for each separate idea which they express, fasten themselves readily on the mind when regarded as so many parts of one original idea, so many branches of a common stock.

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Thus, to take any one of the foregoing roots- as, for example, budh, 'to know we shall find that from it may be drawn out with great regularity, 1st, a set of simple substantives; 2dly, of simple adjectives; 3dly, of simple verbs: thus, bodha or bodhana, ‘knowledge;' buddhi, ‘intellect;' bodhaka, ‘an informer;' bauddha, ‘a Buddhist;' budha, 'wise;' buddhimat, 'intellectual;' and the following verbs, bodhati, 'he knows ;' budhyate, it is known;' bodhayati, 'he informs;' bubhutsate or bubodhishati, ‘he wishes to know;' bobudhyate, he knows well.' And the simple idea contained in the root may be endlessly extended by the prefixing of prepositions; as, prabodha, 'vigilance;' prabudhyate, 'he awakes,' &c.

77. In the next place we are to inquire what is the base or crude form of the noun. The student should understand, at the outset, the meaning and use of this form. It is an intermediate state between the root and nominative case, the naked form of the noun, which serves as the basis on which to construct its eight cases, beginning with the nominative. In a Greek or Latin dictionary we look for the noun under the nominative case; but in Sanskrit we look for it under its crude state. Thus, bodha, bodhana, tat, panćan, bhavat, are the crude bases under which the nominative cases bodhas, bodhanam, sas, pañća, bhaván, are to be sought. And here it may be observed, that the base of a noun is no mere grammatical invention. It is, perhaps, more practically useful than the cases derived from it. It is that form of the noun which is always used in the formation of compound words, and in this respect may be regarded as the most general of cases. And since every Sanskrit sentence contains more compound words than simple, it may with truth be said, that the crude base is the form under which the noun. most usually appears.

We may conceive it quite possible that Greek and Latin grammarians might have proceeded on a similar plan, and that they might have supposed a root λey, from which was drawn out the nouns λέξις, λεξικὸς, λεκτὸς, καταλογὴ, ἔλλογος, and the verbs λέγω, καταλέγω, ἐλλογέω: so also, a root scrib, from which was derived the nouns scriptio, scriptum, scriptor, scriptura; and the verbs scribo, perscribo, ascribo: or a root nau, from which would come nauta, navis, nauticus,

navalis, navigo, &c. Again, they might have supposed a crude base to each of these nouns, as well as a root; as, for instance, λeği and λeţiko of λéis and λeğıkòs, and navi of navis; and they might have required the student to look for λέξις under λεξι, λέγω under λεγ, navis under navi, and navigo under nau. Further than this, they might have shewn that the base was the form used in the formation of compound words, as in λeğikoypάpos and naviger. But Greek and Latin are too uncertain in their construction to admit of such an analysis being completely carried out.

78. It will be perceived from the foregoing remarks that the consideration of Sanskrit nouns must divide itself into two heads: Ist, the formation of the base; 2dly, the inflection or declension of the base; that is, the adaptation of the crude base or modified root to a common scheme of case-terminations.

a. In fact, it will appear in the sequel, that the same system applies both to nouns and verbs. As in verbs (see 248) the formation of a verbal base from a root precedes the subject of verbal inflection or conjugation, so in nouns it is necessary to the clear elucidation of the subject that the method of forming the nominal base from the root should be explained antecedently to declension.

b. Indeed, it must be remembered that nouns, substantive and adjective, in Sanskrit are classified into separate declensions, according to the finals of their crude bases, not according to the finals of their cases; and it becomes essential to determine the form of the final syllable of the nominal base before the various declensions can be arranged.

79. The crude bases of nouns are formed either by adding certain affixes to the root, the vowel of which is liable, at the same time, to be gunated or vriddhied (which nouns are called kṛidanta, primary derivatives); or by adding certain affixes to the bases of nouns already formed (which nouns are then called taddhita, secondary derivatives). When, however, the root itself is used as a noun, no affix is required, but the root is then also the base. Hence it follows that the final syllable of nominal bases will end in almost any letter of the alphabet. Those bases, however, that end in vowels may be conveniently separated under four classes, each class containing masc., fem., and neuter nouns; the 1st ending in a, and í; the 2d ini; the 3d in u; and the 4th in Those that end in consonants may also be arranged under four classes; the 1st, 2d, and

ri.

a,

3d, ending in t (and d), an, ands, respectively (compare 44); and the 4th comprising all other final consonants.

a. It will be afterwards shewn, that the first class of nouns, comprising bases in a, á, and í, is by far the most numerous; just as the first group of verbs, comprising bases ending in a and á, is the most numerous and important. See 109.

Bearing in mind, therefore, that Sanskrit declension consists in building up a system of cases on a base, by attaching the caseterminations to that base-bearing in mind, moreover, that the whole distinction of declensions depends on the distribution of the bases of nouns under eight classes, according to their final syllables—we are now to explain more precisely, under each of these classes, the method of forming the nominal crude base by regular derivation from the root.

Observe-It is not intended that the student should dwell long on the following pages printed in small type. He is recommended to read them over rapidly, and to note carefully the final letters of the base under each of the eight classes.

Observe, moreover, that although all the bases of Sanskrit nouns, without exception, are derived from roots, there are many in which the connection between the noun and its source, either in sense or form, is not very obvious *. The following rules have reference only to those bases whose formation proceeds on clear and intelligible principles.

FORMATION OF THE CRUDE FORM OR BASE OF NOUNS.

80. FIRST CLASS.-Comprising Masculine and Neuter bases in a; Feminine iná and §í.

Formed by adding to ROOTS

[Note-Primary derivatives from roots are called in native grammars kridanta, while those from nouns already formed, or secondary derivatives, are called taddhita.]

I. a, forming, 1st (nom. -as), after Vṛiddhi of medial a of a root, and Guṇa

*This applies especially to nouns formed with the unádi affixes, so called from the affix un (i. e. u with an indicatory n), by which the words káru, váyu, &c., are formed in the first Sútra. The import of these derivatives is not generally in accordance with the radical meaning, and even when it is so, usually receives an individual signification; thus káru, though it involves the general idea of doing, means especially 'an artizan.' It is difficult to acquiesce in the derivation of some of these unádi words: thus purusha, 'a man,' is said to come from pur, to precede;' náku, an ant-hill,' from nam, to bend ;' kapila, 'tawny,' from kam, ‘to love,' &c.

of any other vowel, a large class of masculine substantives; as, from the root div, 'to shine,' deva, a deity.' If a root ends in é or j, these letters are changed to k and g respectively; as, from pać, to cook,' páka, 'cooking;' from yuj, 'to join,' yoga, joining.' See 43. d.

II.a, forming, 2dly (nom. masc. -as, fem. -á, neut. -am), after Guna of a final, and sometimes Guna of a medial vowel, nouns of agency and adjectives; as, from plu, to swim,' plava, 'what swims;' from srip, 'to creep,' sarpa, 'what creeps.' See 580. Adjectives of this form generally occur at the end of compounds; as, arin-dama, 'foe-taming;' bhayan-kara, 'fear-causing.' Compare corresponding formations in Greek and Latin; as, izzó-dauos, veri-dicus, grandiloquus, omni-vorus, &c. When ev and dus are prefixed to these adjectives, they are susceptible of a passive sense, both in Sanskrit and Greek; as, easy to be done;' hard to be done,' &c. Similarly, epopos, dúspopos, δύςτομος, &c.

III.a, forming, 3dly (nom. -as, -á, -am), adjectives; as, from subh, 'to shine,' subha 'beautiful.' Sometimes there is great variation from the root; as in siva, 'propitious,' from tsí, 'to sleep;' sundara, 'beautiful,' from dri, to respect:' and sometimes the feminine may be formed in í; as, sundarí. There are very few adjectives formed with this affix.

IV. aka (nom. -akas, -aká or -iká, -akam), after Vriddhi of a final vowel or medial a, and Guna of any other vowel. Still more common than a to form adjectives and nouns of agency (see 582. b); as, from tap, 'to burn,' tápaka, ‘inflammatory;' from kṛi, ‘to do,' káraka, ‘a doer,' ‘acting.' Observe, -aká is generally taken for the feminine of the adjectives, and -iká for the feminine of the agents; as, tápaká, káriká. Compare Greek forms like púλakos.

V. ana (nom. -anam), after Guna of the root, forming, 1st, a large class of neuter substantives; as, from ní, 'to guide,' nayana, 'the eye,' 'guidance;' from dá, 'to give,' dána, a gift;' from drip, 'to make proud,' darpana, a mirror.' Compare analogous Greek formations in avo ; us, ὄργανον, δρέπανον, &c.

ana, forming, 2dly (nom. -anas, -aná, -anam), nouns of agency (see 582. c) and adjectives; as, from nṛit, 'to dance,' nartana, a dancer;' from subh, 'to shine,' sobhana, 'bright.' Compare Greek forms like ikavós, &c. The feminine of the agents is sometimes in -aní.

VI. na. A few abstract nouns are formed with na; as, yajna, 'sacrifice,' from yaj; yatna, effort,' from yat; svapna, 'sleep,' from stap. Compare vos,

somnus.

pá, 'to drink,'

VII. atra (nom. -tram), after Guna of the root; as, from pátra, a vessel;' from śru, to hear,' śrotra, 'the organ of hearing.' Sometimes the vowel i is inserted; as, from to dig,' khanitra, ‘a spade.' This affix is used to form neuter nouns denoting some instrument or organ, and corresponds to the Latin trum in aratrum, plectrum, &c.; and the Greek трov, Opov in víπтрOV, βάκτρον, βάθρον, &c.

VIII. There are other uncommon affixes to roots to form adjectives and a few

substantives in a (nom. -as, -á, -am); as, Tra, la, G ala, Mara, vara, मर mara, इल ila, इर ira, उर ura, उल ula, म ma, व va, ā tra, आक áka, एर era, उकuka, ऊक úka, क ka. The following are examples of nouns formed with these affixes: dípra, shining' (compare Greek formations like λáμm-pos, &c.; and Latin pu-rus, &c.); tandra, the moon;' śukla, 'white;' ćapala, 'fickle;' tarala, 'tremulous' (compare Greek forms like трóα-aλos, тρáπ-€λ05; and Latin tremulus, &c.); vațara, ‘unsteady' (compare Greek forms like pávepos, &c.); sthávara, 'stationary;' ghasmara, 'voracious;' anila, 'wind;' pathila, a traveller' (compare Latin forms like agilis, &c.); chidira, ‘an axe;' bhidura, 'brittle;' harshula, ‘a lover;' bhíma, 'terrible;' gharma, m., 'heat;' yugma, n., a pair;' dhúma, m., 'smoke' (compare forms like Oú-pos, aveμ-os, fumus, animus, &c.); aśva, m., ‘a horse' (equus, os); éitra, 'variegated;' jalpáka, ‘talkative' (compare forms like loquax, i. e. loquacs, loquac-o; and þévak, i. e. pévaks for pévakos); patera, 'moving;' varshuka, 'rainy;' jágarúka, 'watchful,' úka being added (especially to frequentative or reduplicate forms; as, from vávad, 'to speak often,' vávadúka, 'loquacious'); śushka, 'dry' (from sush, 'to dry.' Compare Latin siccus).

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Formed by adding to the bases of NOUNS

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IX.tva (nom. -tvam), forming neuter abstract substantives from any noun in the language; as, from purusha, ‘a man,' purushatva, ́ manliness.' In adding this affix to bases ending in nasals, the nasal is rejected; as, from dhanin, ‘rich,’ dhanitva, 'the state of being rich.' (See 57.)

X. ya, forming, 1st (nom. -yam), neuter abstract substantives and a few collectives, the first syllable of the noun taking Vṛiddhi; as, from suhṛid, ‘a friend,' Âu sauhṛidya, 'friendship.' When the base ends in a vowel, this vowel is rejected before ya; and when in an and in, these syllables are rejected; as, from vićitra, various,' vaićitrya, 'variety;' from rájan, 'a king,' rájya, 'kingdom;' from svámin, a lord,' srámya, 'lordship.'

XI. ya, forming, 2dly (nom. -yas, -yá, -yam), adjectives expressing some relationship to the noun; as, from dhana, 'wealth,' dhanya, 'wealthy.' Sometimes Vriddhi takes place; as, from soma, 'the moon,' saumya, ‘lunar.' In this case the fem. is -yí. Compare Greek adjectives in 105, and Latin in ius.

XII. a (nom. -as, -í, -am), after Vriddhi of the first syllable of the noun, forming innumerable adjectives expressing some relationship to the noun. When the base ends in a, no further affix is required, and the only change is the Vriddhi of the first syllable; as, from purusha, a man,' ч paurusha, 'manly;' from Vasishtha, Vásishtha, a descendant of Vasishtha.' When in á or i, this á or i must be rejected; as, from sikatá,‘sand,' saikata, ‘sandy.' When in u, this u is gunated, and becomes av before this and the three following affixes; as, from Vishnu, the god Vishņu,' Vaishnava, a worshipper of Vishņu;' from dáru, ‘wood,’ dárava, 'wooden;' from manu, mánava, ‘a descendant of Manu.'

When the initial letter of a word is compounded with v or y, followed by a or á, then v and y are generally resolved into uv and iy, which are vriddhied; as, सौवर

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