SYNTAX OF CONJUNCTIONS, PREPOSITIONS, ADVERBS, &c.

Conjunctions.

912. 'and' (727) is always placed after the word which it connects with another, like que in Latin, and can never stand first in a sentence, or in the same place as 'and' in English; thus, ferq vesica a walking round and looking.' Unlike que, however, which must always follow the word of which it is the copulative, it may be admitted to any other part of the sentence, being only excluded from the first place; thus, तनयम् अचिरात् प्राची इव सर्क प्रसूय च पावनं and having after a short time given birth to a pure son, as the eastern quarter (gives birth to) the sun.'

a. Sometimes two ća's are used, when one may be redundant or equivalent to the English both;' or the two éa's may be employed antithetically or disjunctively, or to express the contemporaneousness of two events; thus,

DÍAV — both day and night;' क हरिणकानां जीवितं च अतिलोलं क्व च शरास ते 'Where on the one hand is the frail existence of fawns? Where on the other are thy arrows ?' क्रन्दितुं च प्रवृत्ता स्त्रो संस्थानं च ज्योतिर् उत्क्षिप्य एनां जगाम 'no sooner had she began to weep, than a shining apparition in female shape, having snatched her up, departed' (Sak. Act V).

b. Observe-When,where?' is used as in the above example, it implies excessive incompatibility,' or 'incongruity.'

c. Sometimes is used as an emphatic particle, and not as a copulative; thus, किं च मया परिणीत पूर्व ' Was she indeed married by me formerly ?'

913. so,' 'likewise' (727. b), frequently supplies the place of; thus, अनागतविधाता च प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिस् तथा 'both Anágata-vidhàtá and Pratyutpannamatis' (names of the two fish in Hitop. book IV).

914. fe‘for,' but,' ́or' (727. d, 728. a), like, are excluded from the first place in a sentence; thus, पूर्वाबधोरितं श्रेयो दुःखं हि परिवर्तते ' for happiness formerly scorned turns to misery ;' विपर्यये तु 'bat on the contrary ;' एनां त्यज या गृहाण वा 'either abandon her or take her.’

915. T'if' and 'if' (727. b) may govern the potential or conditional (see 891), but are also used with the indicative; thus, fę atafa weifo qzqfa — if he live, he will behold prosperity ;' यदि मया प्रयोजनम् अन्ति ‘if there is need चेत् परित्यक्ता को दरिद्र: ' If ararice were abandoned, who would be

of me;' तृप्ता

poor?'

Prepositions and Adverbs.

916. Prepositions are often used in government with nouns. See 729, 730. a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

The following examples illustrate the construction of adverbs as described at 731.

917. आामणिबन्धनात् 'as far as the wrist;' सामृत्योम् ' till death ;' आसमानेस् 'to the completion; till the completion of his vow;"

आशरीरविमोक्षणात् 'till his release from the body;' आजन्मनस् ‘from birth;’ न दण्डाद ऋते शक्यः कर्तुं पापविनिग्रहः 'the restraint of crime cannot be made without punishment;' शतं जन्मानि यावत् ' for a hundred births ;' सर्पविवरं यावत् — up to the serpent's hole;' पुत्रेण सह ' along with his son ;' हेतुं विना 'without cause;' अपराधेन विना 'without fault ;' विवराद् वहिर् निःसृत्य ' creeping out of the hole;' अवलोकन, क्षणात् प्रभृति ' from the moment of seeing (him); ' जन्मप्रभृति 'from birth;' ततः प्रभृति 'from that time forward;' उपनयनात् प्रभृति 'from the time of investiture ;' धनस्य अर्थं, or more usually धनार्थं, ' for the sake of wealth;' तस्याः कृते or तत्कृते ' for her sake ;' पुत्र हेतोस् ' for the sake of a son ;' तन्निमित्ते on that account ;' तव कारणात् ' on thy account.' उपरि, with the genitive, occurs rather frequently, and with some latitude of meaning; thus, नाभेर् उपरि ‘above the navel;' सिंहस् तस्य उपरि पपात ‘the lion fell upon him ;' मम उपरि विकारित: ‘changed in his feelings towards me;' तव उपरि असदृश व्यवहारी not असदृशव्यवहारी

‘

behaving properly towards thee;' पुत्रस्य उपरि क्रुद्धः 'angry with his son;' नाभेर् ऊर्द्धं ‘above the navel;' नाभेर् अधस्तात् ' below the navel ;' वृक्षस्य अधस्तात् — beneath the tree;' भोजनानन्तरं ' after eating ;' राज्ञः समीपं ' near the king ;' पितुः सकाशाद् धनम् आददाति ‘he receives money from his father; मांसं शुनो ऽग्रे निक्षिप्रं 'flesh thrown before the dog ;' मम समक्षं ' in my presence. ' साक्षात् may take an instrumental; as, अन्यैः साक्षात् ' before others ;' अस्माकं पश्चात् ' after us;' प्राङ निवेदनात् ‘before telling ;' प्राग् उपनयनात् ' before investiture ;' भोजनात् प्राक् — before eating;' नानात् पूर्वं 'before bathing ;' विवाहात् पूर्वं ' before marriage.' प्राक् may take an accusative; as, प्राग् द्वादश समा: ‘before twelve years are over;' अभिवादनात् परं ' ofter saluting;' तदवधेर् ऊ ' after that period ;' संवत्सराद् ‘ after a year,’i. e. ' above a year having expired ;' विवाहाद् अर्वाक् — after marriage;' अवाक् सञ्चयनाद् अस्यां ' after collecting the bones ;' फलम् अन्तरेण ‘without fruit;' भर्तुर् अनुमतिम् अन्तरेण 'without the consent of her husband;' वाटिकाया दक्षिणेन ' to the right of the garden;' प्राणिहिंसा व्यतिरेकेण 'without injury to living beings.'

918. अलं,‘enough,' is used with the instrumental, with the force of a prohibitive particle; as, अलं शङ्कया ' away with fear,' ‘do not fear.’

a. It is also used with the indeclinable participle; as, अलं विचार्य ' enough of consideration;' see also go1. a.

b. It is sometimes followed by an infinitive; as, न अलम् अस्मि हृदयं निवर्तयितुं — I am not able to turn back my heart.'

919. मात्रं ‘even,’ ‘merely,’ when compounded with another word is declinable ; as, उत्तरमात्रं न ददाति 'he does not even give an answer;' न शब्दमावाद भेतव्यं

one ought not to be afraid of mere noise ;' शब्दमात्रेण ' by mere sound;’ वचनमात्रेण ‘by mere words ;' उक्तमात्रे वचने ' immediately on the mere utterance of the speech.’

920. तथा and यथा, when used as correlatives, are equivalent to the English — so that,' and the Latin ita ut; thus, ancî anfå am I must so act that my master awake,' i. e. 'I must do something to make my master awake.' So also, त्वं न जानासि यथा गृहरक्षां करोमि 'Do not you know that I keep watch

in the house?'

a.

ईदृशं तादृशं, and यादृशं, may be used in the same way; thus, तादृशम् अनायुष्यं न किञ्चिद् विद्यते यादृशं परदारगमनं ' nothing is so opposed to length of

life as intercourse with the wife of another.'

b. यत्, as well as यथा, is used for 'that ;' thus, अयं नूतनो न्यायो यद् अरातिं हत्वा सन्तापः क्रियते ' this is a new doctrine, that having killed an enemy remorse

should be felt.'

921. f, why?' may often be regarded as a mark of interrogation which is not to be translated, but affects only the tone of voice in which a sentence is uttered; as, जातिमात्रेण किं कश्चित् पूज्यते ' Is any one honoured for mere birth?”

a. It sometimes has the force of — whether; as, ज्ञायतां किम् उपयुक्त एतावद् वर्तनं गृह्णाति अनुपयुक्तो वा ' let it be ascertained whether he is worthy to receive so large a salary, or whether he is unworthy;' मन्त्री वेति किं गुण युक्तो राजा न वा "the minister knows whether the king is meritorious or not.'

922. (technically vati) as an affix of comparison or similitude (724) may be compounded with a word in the crude base, which if uncompounded would be in the accusative case; thus, showing himself as if dead;' arzug z¿ ugafa' he regards it as a wonder.' Also in the locative or genitive case; thus, gà met: ‘a wall in Srughna like that in Mathurá.' According to Pánini V. 1, 115, it is used in place of the instr. c. after adjectives of comparison, when some action is expressed; thus, à (see 826) may be rendered ब्राह्मणवद् अधीते, but it would not be correct to say पुत्रवत् स्थूलः for पुत्रेण तुल्यः स्थूलः.

तुल्यम्

923. The negative is sometimes repeated to give intensity to an affirmation; thus, न न वक्ष्यति ' he will not not say’= वक्ष्यति एव ' he will certainly say.’

924. The indeclinable participle of diś with ut is sometimes used adverbially to express on account of,'' with reference to,' 'towards,' and governs an accusative; thus, किम् उद्दिश्य ‘On account of what ?' तम् उद्दिश्य ' with reference to him.’

925. The indeclinable participle of T with I (to begin') is used adverbially to express 'from,' 'beginning with,' and may either govern an ablative or be placed after the crude base; thus, निमन्त्रणाद् आरभ्य श्राद्धं यावत् ' from the time of invitation to the time of the Sráddha.' far would be equally correct. 926. The interjections fu and require the accusative; as, f

"Woe to the wretch!' and the vocative interjections the vocative case; as, :

O traveller!'

a. Adverbs are sometimes used for adjectives in connexion with substantives; as, तत्र शालायां for तस्यां शालायां ' in that hall;' अमात्येषु मुख्यशः for अमात्येषु मुख्येषु ' among the principal ministers.’

ON THE USE OF THE PARTICLE zfa.

927. All the languages of the East are averse to the use of the obliqua oratio. In Sanskrit it is rarely admitted; and when any one relates the words or describes the sentiments or thoughts of another, the relator generally represents him as speaking the actual words, or thinking the thoughts, in his own person.

a. In such cases the particle f (properly meaning 'so,' 'thus') is often placed after the words quoted, and may be regarded as serving the purpose of inverted commas; thus, शिष्पा ऊचुः कृतःवृत्या वयम् इति ' the pupils said, “We have accomplished our object;" not, according to the English or Latin idiom, 'the pupils said that they had accomplished their object.' So also, aû şîn zù is in the nominative case, as being the actual word supposed to be spoken by the husband himself in his own person. So again, युष्मान् विश्वासभूमय इति सर्वे पक्षिणो मम अग्रे

'your husband calls you" quarrelsome," where

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all the birds praise you in my presence, saying, "He is an object of confidence," where the particle is equivalent to saying,' and the word विश्वासभूमयः is not in the accusative, to agree with युष्मान्, as might be expected, but in the nominative, as being the actual word supposed to be uttered by the birds in their own persons. In some cases, however, the accusative is retained before इति, as in the following example from Manu : अज्ञं बालम् इत्य् आहु: 'they call an ignorant man "child." But in the latter part of the same line it passes into a nominative; as, fun but (they call) a teacher of scripture

"father." II. 153.

928. In narratives and dialogues

is often placed redundantly at the end of a speech. Again, it may have reference merely to what is passing in the mind either of another person or of one's self. When so employed, it is usually joined with the indeclinable participle, or of some other part of a verb signifying to think,' 'to suppose,' &c., and may be translated by the English conjunction 'that,' to which, in fact, it may be regarded as equivalent; thus, aì qui areafa इति परिज्ञाय ' having ascertained that it is a monkey who rings the bell ;' पुनर् अर्थवृद्धिः करणीया इति मतिर् बभूव ' his idea was that an increase of wealth ought again to be made;' धन्योऽहं यस्य एतादृशी भाय्य इति मनसि निधाय ' reflecting in his mind that I am happy in possessing such a wife.' The accusative is also retained before in this sense; as, thinking that he was dead.” In all these examples the use of indicates that a quotation is made of the thoughts of the person at the time when the event took place.

929. Not unfrequently the participle saying,' 'thinking,' 'supposing,' &c., is omitted altogether, and itself involves the sense of such a participle; as, बालोऽपि न अवमन्तव्यो मनुष्य इति भूमिपः 'a king, even though a child, is not to be despised, saying to one's self, "He is a mortal;" ag an faye efa ar

मय्य् अनुक्रोशात् ‘either through affection or through compassion towards me, saying to yourself, "What a wretched man he is ;' अयं वराहः । अयं शार्दूल इति वनराजिषु साहियते ' 'There's a boar ! Yonder's a tiger ! so crying out, it is wandered about (by us) in the paths of the woods.'

CHAPTER X.

EXERCISES IN TRANSLATION AND PARSING.

930. STORY OF THE SAGE AND THE MOUSE, FROM THE HITOPADEŚA,'

TRANSLATED AND PARSED.

1st sentence. अस्ति गौतमस्य मुनेस् तपोवने महातपा नाम मुनि: । 'There is in the sacred grove of the sage Gautama a

sage named Mahátapás (Great-devotion).'

2d. तेनाश्रमसन्निधाने मूषिकशावकः काकमुखाद् भ्रष्टो

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दृष्ट: । ' By him, in the neighbourhood of his hermitage, a young mouse, fallen from the beak of a crow, was seen.'

3d. ततो दयायुक्तेन तेन मुनिना नीवारकणैः संवर्धितः ।

• Then by that sage, touched with compassion, with grains of wild rice it was reared . '

4th. तदनन्तरं मूषिकं खादितुम् अनुधावन् विडालो मुनिना दृष्ट: । ' Soon after this, a cat was observed by the sage

running after the mouse to devour it.'

Sth. तं मूषिकं भीतम् आलोक्य तपःप्रभावात् तेन मुनिना मूषिको बलिष्ठो विडालः कृतः । ' Perceiving the

mouse terrified, by that sage, through the efficacy of his devotion, the mouse was changed into a very strong cat.'

6th. स विडालः कुकुराद् बिभेति । ततः कुक्कुरः कृतः । कुक्कुरस्य व्याघ्रान् महद् भयं । तदनन्तरं स व्याघ्रः कृतः ।

The cat fears the dog: upon that it was changed into a dog. Great is the dread of the dog for a tiger: then it was transformed into a tiger.'