चित्रलिख + लिखति êitralikh + likhati = चित्रलिग लिखति titralig likhati, 'the painter paints.' विट् भव fa? + viț + bhava= faza viḍbhava, 'generated by filth.' ...? +fara práț + viváka = „fz práḍ-viváka, ‘ a judge.' a. There is an option allowed before nasals; that is, when two words come together, the initial of the second word being a nasal, then the final of the first word is usually (though not necessarily *) changed to the nasal of its own class: thus वाक् + मय vák + maya becomes वाङ्मय ván maya, ' full of words.’ विट् + मय vit + maya = विण्मय vinmaya, ‘full of filth.’ चित् + मय dit + maya = चिन्मय Einmaya, 'formed of intellect.' tat +mátram = tanmátram, that element.' + +ǹ tat +netram=tan netram, that eye.' अप् +ap+ múlam = ammúlam, 'water and roots.' b. Observe particularly-Rule 41 applies to terminations of nouns beginning with consonants, but not to terminations beginning with vowels. In the latter case, the final consonant is supposed to attract the initial vowel, and thus, losing its character of a final letter, is not made soft thus वाक् + भिस् vák + bhis becomes वाग्भिस् vágbhis, by words; but ar+váć+á remains a ‘by a speech’ (not वाजा vij-d). váj-á). rid-bhis, 'by rivers;' but af+ sarit + á remains afen sari-tá, ‘by a river' (not सरिदा sarid-á). चित्रलिख् + सु titralikh + su is चित्रलिक्सु titralik-su, in painters; but fafo+bitralikh + á remains fuafa bitrali-khá, by a painter' (not citralig-á). vá-ćá, सरित् + भिस् sarit + bhis = सरिह्निस् sa c. Similarly, in the case of verbal terminations beginning with vowels attached to roots ending in hard letters, rule 41 does not apply: thus पत् + अति pat + ati remains पतति patati, and क्षिप् + अति remains kshipati. And even in the case of verbal terminations beginning with m, v, or y, rule 41 does not generally apply: thus vać + mi remains vaćmi, tekship + vas remains ćekshipvas, and kship + yati remains kshipyati; but ćekship+dhi becomes regularly tekshibdhi. d. Of course, rule 41 does not apply to final sibilants, as they have no corresponding soft letters. The rules for sibilants are given at 61. e. In the case of 'six,' followed by the termination nám, the final nasal being * According to the Laghu-kaumudi (77) it is necessarily changed when the next word is a pratyaya or affix like maya. a cerebral affects also an initial n coming in contact with it; thus qui. The same applies to षट् + नवति, which is written घण्णवति 'ninety-six. Similarly, पणगर्यः 'six cities.' Compare y. 58. b. son an 42. If a soft letter ends a word, root, or crude base, when any hart initial letter follows, the salt is changed to its own unaspirated hard: thus + kumud + su becomes kumutsu, loc. pl. of kumud, ‘a lotus;' «fay+♬ samidh + su = afar samitsu, loc. pl. of samidh, 'fuel.' Note-Similarly in Latin, a soft guttural or labial often passes into a hard before s and t; thus reg+si becomes reksi (rexi), scrib+si=scripsi, reg+tum=rektum, &c. a. The same may optionally take place at the end of a sentence or before a pause, as yafn gan phullati kumut or kumud. See Páṇini VIII. 4, 56. It is usual, however, to write the hard unaspirated form in such cases. b. Soft letters, which have no corresponding hard, such as the nasals, semivowels, and h, are changed by special rules. + c. If the final be an aspirated soft letter, and belong to a root whose initial is gord, d orb, then the aspiration, which is suppressed in the final, is transferred back to the initial letter of the root; as +♬ budh+su becomes bhutsu, loc. pl. of budh, 'one who knows.' Similarly, + dadh+tas becomes dhattas, 'they two place;' and see 306. a, 299. a. b, 664. Note Greek recognises a similar principle in τρέχω, θρέξομαι; τρυφ, θρύπτω: cf. also the nom. θρίξ, i. e. θρικος from the crude form τριχ 43. The following consonants are not allowed to remain unchanged at the end of words *, that is to say, they undergo modifications without reference to the following letters in a sentence; and when they are combined with the initial letters of succeeding words, or with the initial strong consonants of affixes (see f. next page), these modifications must take place before 41 and 42 are applied. ist, A conjunct quiescent consonant (with few exceptions); 2d, an aspirated quiescent consonant; 3d, the aspirate h; 4th, the palatal letters ◄ é, ☎ th, a j, mjh (when radical, and not the result of the changes of final at and ad at 47); 5th, the sibilants and a sh. ś a. With regard to I, as a general rule, a compound quiescent consonant at the end of a word is reduced to a simple one, and when a word ends in a single or conjunct quiescent consonant, and a termination to be affixed consists of a quiescent consonant, then, to avoid the concurrence of such consonants at the end, the first only is allowed to remain, and the termination is dropped: thus +éarant+s leaves A baran, 'going;'+aved+s becomes avets and then avet. (So ěTUTTOV for TUTTOVT; and analogously, mulsi for mulg-si, sparsi for sparg-si, &c.) Of course, however, roots and crude forms are first cited in their unchanged state; and are so found in dictionaries and vocabularies. F from + FR RU.127,2. Observe, however, that a radical,,, or, preceded by Tr, remains; as, ऊर्व् nom. of ऊर्ज् 176. h. But in the case of such a word as abibhar at p. 231, the affix t in the third person is dropped, as not being radical. And in such a word as fat (nom. fat: 'desirous of doing'), the final quiescent sibilant, though belonging to the base, is dropped after r. See 166. a. b. With regard to 2, the unaspirated form is substituted for the aspirated. c. With regard to 3, a final h is usually changed either to kort. See 182, 305, 306, 17. a. (So in Arabic & h becomes & t.) d. With regard to 4, palatals, as being derived from gutturals (see 20. c), generally revert to their originals; i. e. finalé and jh are usually changed to (see 12), butéh may become t (176); j becomes korg, but sometimes tord. (So in cognate languages ch is often pronounced as k, or passes into k. Compare archbishop,' 'archangel,' 'church,' ‘kirk,' &c. Again,‘nature' is pronounced like 'nachure,' and g in English is often pronounced as j.) e. With regard to 5, final s and sh usually pass into either kort. See 181, 17.6; and compare parish,' ' parochial,' 'nation' for 'nashun,' &c. f. The above changes must hold good, whatever may be the initial letter of a following word; but rules 41 and 42 must be afterwards applied. They also hold good before all terminations or affixes beginning with strong consonants (i.e. all consonants except nasals and semivowels); but before vowels (except the affix a at 80. I) and weak consonants (i. e. nasals and semivowels) the finals remain unchanged. See 41. b, and váć at 176, and vać at 650. SPECIAL RULES. 44. The special rules for the changes of consonants are very numerous, but since comparatively few words in Sanskrit end in any other consonants than at and d, the nasals n and ♬ m, the dental sibilants, and the semivowel r, it will be sufficient for all practical purposes to notice these special rules under four heads: 1st, Changes of final ♬ and . त् द. 2d, Changes of the nasals, especially न् and म्. 3d, Changes of final. 4th, Changes of final र्. CHANGES OF FINAL त् t AND द् d. 45. By the general rule (41), finalt becomes d before soft con-sonants, and before vowels ; as मरुत् + वाति marut + váti becomes मरुद् afa marud váti, 'the wind blows.' But see exception, r. 41. b. a. Except, also, bases ending in t followed by the affixes vat, mat, vin, vala; as, vidyut-vat, possessed of lightning;' garut-mat, possessed of wings.' 6 b. There is an exception also in the case of verbal terminations beginning with m, v, y; see 41. c, and compare 554. sonants; as, द् 7 t 46. And, by 42, final d generally becomes before had conbecomes drisat-patana, the fall of a stone.' 47. And, by 41. a, final at ord may become n before n or m. But there are certain special rules relating tot or ad, and incidentally to other consonants, which must be given under this head. 48. If at ord ends a word, when an initial ▼ ć, ♬ j, or ♬ l, follows, then tord assimilates with these letters: thus + त् +◄ bhayát + lobhát +ća becomes bhayál lobháć ća, from fear and avarice;' + tad+jívanam = taj jívanam, ' that life.' तद् जीवनम् a. A final t ord also assimilates with a following éh or jh, but by 43. b. the result will then be & th, j jh; thus तत् + छिनत्ति = तच् छिनत्ति ‘he cuts that,’ तद् + झषः = तज्झष: ' the fish of him.' 6 b. Final ☎t ord assimilates in the same way with t, 3d, and their aspirates: thus तद् + टीका = तट्टीका; तद् + डीनं तडीनं; तद् + ठक्कुरः = तदुक्कु = Observe-The converse does not take place in the contact of complete words; thus पढ् ते, not पट् he rules,' see 325. 'those six:' but Final tord may also assimilate with initial ǹ and Tṇ. c. When ch is between two vowels in a simple word, able by 48. a. to, must be inserted; thus the root vowel a following must be written praćcha (as in q t, change prach with at 631). The same holds good when this initial and a previous syllable either of an inflected word, or of a crude form preceding in a compound, or of a prefix ends in a short vowel ; as, शैलस्य च्छाया or शैलच्छाया 'the shadow of a rock:' so also, fa*+='he cuts;'* + छिनत् = अच्छिनत् ' he was cutting.' The same is obligatory after the preposition and the particle ; as, आ + छन = आछत्र 'covered ;' मा + छिदत् : = मा च्छिदत् ' let him not cut.’ In other cases after long vowels the insertion of is optional; as, पर्कटीछाया or पर्कटीछाया ' the shadow of a fig-tree;' सा छिनति or सा fafshe cuts.' d. After final, before initials, an augment t may be inserted; as, सन्तः or षट् त्सन्तः ‘being six. ' 49. If tord ends a word and the next begins with Í immediately followed by a vowel, semivowel, or nasal, then t or d is changed to, and the initial is usually changed to ćh; féi is the syllable of reduplication to form the perfect of fa chid, a the augment to form the imperfect of all verbs; but in the paradigms, words like fare, for the convenience of typography, printed af, &c. See p. 286. x = avant Curt, verty thus तत् + श्रुत्वा tat + śrutvá = तच् छ्रुत्वा tat chrutvá, “having heard a. Similarly, the change of initial stoéh is optional after a final; thus may either remain so or be written. Again, after a final ? and qp this rule is said to be optional; but examples are not likely to occur: though in Rig-veda III. 33, 1, we have विपाक्षुतुद्री for विपाद् + शुतुद्री the names of two rivers in the Panjab. 50. Ift ends a word, when initial changed tod (by 41), and the initial h follows, the final tis त् optionally to ч dh; thus तत् + हरति tat + harati becomes तद् धरति (or तद्धरति) tad dharati, ‘he seizes that; but a tad harati is allowable. 51. By a similar rule, and on the same principle, any consonant (except a nasal, semivowel, or sibilant) followed by, must be softened if hard, and its soft aspirate optionally substituted for the initial; thus fʼn vák+harati becomes ama vág gharati,' speech captivates.' Similarly, Hajjhrasvaḥ, a short vowel.' + CHANGES OF THE NASALS. +: ać+hrasvaḥ= 52. If the lettern, preceded by a short vowel, ends a word, when the next begins with any vowel, the n is doubled: thus + ásan+atra becomes ásann atra, they were there;' Ja tasmin+udyáne = tasminn udyáne, 'in that garden.' f+ a. This applies equally to final ङ् n. and ग् (as प्रत्यङ् + खात्मा = प्रत्यात्मा ' the soul evidently existent'); but these, especially the last, can rarely occur as finals. 53. Ifn ends a word, when an initialć, a t, or zt, (or their aspirates,) follows, a sibilant is inserted between the final and initial न् N letter, according to the class of the initial letter; and the then passes into Anusvára, see 6. b: thus afe+fe kasmin + tit becomes कस्मिंश्चित् kasmimścit, ' in a certain person ;' अस्मिन् + तडागे asmin + tadáge = अस्मिंस्तडागे asmims tadáge, ' in this pool;' महान् + टङ्कः mahón +ṭan-kaḥ=Яieg: mahámsh ṭan.kaḥ, 'a large axe.' The same holds good before ćh (as, nişafa he covers them'), and before th, th; but the two latter are not likely to occur. If s immediately follows t in a conjunct consonant, as in the word 'a swordhilt,' there is no change: thus I BE:. a. A similar euphonic s is inserted between the prepositions sam, ava, pari, prati, and certain words which begin with k, as Я samskára, afton parishkára, fa pratishkára, &c. (see 70); just as in Latin, between the prepositions ab and ob, and c, q, and p. Also, between a male,' and a word beginning with a hard consonant, as कोकिल 'a cuckoo, thus पुंस्कोकिलः; also when कान्, 'whom?' is repeated, thus whom?' 'whom?' which of them?' |