but appears to be involved in the case itself. The following are other examples : यत्र आस्ते विषसंसर्गो मृतं तदपि मृत्यवे ' where there is admixture of poison, then even nectar (leads) to death;' zărui patara a Madvice to fools (leads) to irritation, not to conciliation ;' स वृद्धः पतिस् तस्याः सन्तोपाय न अभवत् 'that old husband was not to her liking ;' स राजा तस्या रुचये न बभूव ' that king was not to her liking.'

b. It will be seen hereafter that certain verbs of giving and relating govern the dative. Substantives derived from such verbs exercise a similar influence; as, अन्यस्मै दानं 'the giving to another ;' अन्यस्मै कथनं 'the telling to another.’

c. Words expressive of 'salutation' or‘reverence' are joined with the dative; as, गणेशाय नम: ‘reverence to Ganesa ;' कुशलं ते ' health to thee.’

Ablative case.

812. The proper force of the ablative case is expressed by 'from? as, लोभात् (क्रोधः प्रभवति) ' from avarice anger arises ;' गिरे: पतनं ' falling from a mountain ;' चाराणां मुखात् 'from the mouth of the spies.'

813. Hence this case passes to the expression of various correlative ideas; as, weron fafan‘a portion of (from) their food:' and like the instrumental it very commonly signifies because,' 'by reason of, in consequence of;' as, गोमनुषाणां बधात् 'on account of the slaughter of cows and men;' अनवसर प्रवेशात् (पुत्रं निन्दति ) ' he blames his son for entering inopportunely ;' दण्ड भयात् through fear of punishment;' ryby reason of my good fortune;' फलतो ऽविशेषात् 'because (there is) no difference as to the result.' संख्या दारुणा नृ a. According to;' as, according to the advice of the minister. Abstract nouns in are often found in this case to express some of these ideas; as, अनवस्थितचित्तत्वात् ' by reason of the unsteadiness of his mind :' especially in the writings of commentators; as, according to what will be said hereafter;' स्पृष्टेषत्स्पृष्टेषद्विवृतविवृतसंवृतभेदात् 'according to the division of touched, slightly touched, slightly open, open and contracted.'

814. It also expresses through the means' or 'instrumentality of;' as, पाशबद्ध: ‘caught in the toils through the instrumentality of the jackal ;' न खौषधपरिज्ञानाद (व्याधेः शान्तिर् भवेत् ) 'the alleviation of disease is not effected by the mere knowledge of the medicine.'

a.

The manner' in which any thing is done is often expressed by the ablative; it is then used adverbially (compare 715); as, with diligence,' or' diligently;' बलात्‘forcibly;’ कुतूहलात् 'with wonder ;' उपचारात् 'figuratively ;' मूलाद् उद्धरणं — tearing up by the roots :' or by the ablative affix तस्; as, स्वेच्छातस्‘at one's own pleasure' (see 719. a. b).

b. This case also denotes after;' as, after separation from the

body;' मुख्यः प्रतिबन्धनात् 'after the imprisonment of the Chief';' तस्य आगमनात्

since his arrival.'

6

c. So also, in native grammars the ablative case is used to express after;' thus, रहाभ्यां ‘after the letters ra and ha;' शात् ' after the letter sa;'

वर्णद् नस्य n is

it should be stated that after the letters ri and rí the cerebral

substituted in place of the dental n.'

d. In reference to time, within;' as, faчwithin three fortnights.'

e. Nouns expressive of ‘fear' are joined with the ablative of the thing feared; मृत्योर् भयं 'fear of death ;' चौरतो भयं ' fear of robbers.'

Genitive case.

815. This and the locative case are of the most extensive application, and are often employed, in a vague and indeterminate manner, to express relations properly belonging to the other cases.

6

a. The true force of the genitive is equivalent toof,' and this case appears most frequently when two substantives are to be connected, so as to present one idea; as, the speech of a friend ;' भर्ता नार्याः परमं भूषणं ' the best ornament of a woman is her husband ;' न नरस्य नरो दासो दासस् तु अर्थस्य 'man is not the slave of man, but the slave of wealth.'

816. Possession' is frequently expressed by the genitive case alone, without a verb; as, सर्वाः सम्पत्तयस् तस्य सन्तुष्टं यस्य मानसं 'all riches belong to him who has a contented mind;' धन्यो ऽहं यस्य ईदृशी भाया 'happy am I in possessing

such a wife.'

6

a. It often, however, has the force of to,' and is very generally used to supply the place of the dative; as, et sigt: 'one's own life is dear to one's self ;' न योजनशतं दूरं वाह्यमानस्य तृष्णया 'a hundred yojanas is not far to one borne away by thirst (of gain) ;' किं प्रज्ञावताम् अविदितं 'What is unknown to the wise ?' किम् अन्धस्य (प्रकाशयति) प्रदीप: ' What does a lamp (show) to a blind man?' किं मया अपकृतं राज्ञ: ‘What offence have I committed towards the king;' किम् अयम् अस्माकं (कर्तुं समर्थः) 'What can this man (do to us)?*

b. And not unfrequently of 'in' or 'on;' as, tui far: 'confidence in women;

dependence on me.'

c. It is even equivalent occasionally to 'from' or 'by,' as usually expressed by the ablative or instrumental ; as, न कस्यापि ( उपायनं गृह्णीयात्) ‘one ought not to accept a present from any one;' अस्माकं (वनं त्याज्यं ) 'the wood is to be abandoned by us;' स धन्यो यस्य अर्थिनो न प्रयान्ति विमुखाः ' he is blessed from whom suppliants do not depart in disappointment;' नलस्य उपसंस्कृतं मांसं ' meat cooked by

Nala.'

d. 'Difference between two things' is expressed by this case; as, Àquì? सेव्य सेवकयोर् महद् ́there is great difference between the master and the servant.' Compare 809. a.

e. In native grammars it expresses in place of;' as, 'an in place of ri is followed by ra.'

Locative case.

817. The locative, like the genitive, expresses the most diversified relations, and frequently usurps the functions of the other cases. Properly it has the force of in,' on,' or ' at,' as expressive of many collateral and analogous ideas; thus, in the night;' 'in the village ;' पृष्ठे ' on the back;' त्वयि विश्वास: ' confidence in you;' मरुस्थल्पां वृष्टि: ‘rain on desert ground ;' प्रथम बुभुक्षायां ' at the first desire of eating ;' पृथिव्यां रोपितो वृक्ष: 'a tree planted in the earth.'

818. Hence it passes into the sense towards;' as, I ì ▼ f¤à ▼‘leniency towards an enemy as well as a friend;' 'compassion towards all creatures;' सुहृत्सु अजिय: ‘upright towards friends;' सुकृत शतम् असत्सु नष्टं — hundred good offices are thrown away upon the wicked;'s:‘love for Nala ;' तस्याम् अनुराग: ' affection for her.'

a

819. Words signifying 'cause,' ' motive,' or ‘need,' are joined with the locative; as, सत्त्रपत्वे हेतु: ‘the cause of his modesty;' भूपालयोर् विग्रहे भवचनं निदानं 'your speech was the cause of the war between the two princes;': antra au far: 'the absence of a suitor is the cause of a woman's chastity;' if What need of a boat?' Also words signifying employment' or “occupation;' as,

Яd uqfa: ‘engaging in the acquisition of wealth.'

a. So words derived from the root yuj usually require the locative; as, Ħ राज्य रक्षायाम् उपयोग: ' I am of service in preserving the kingdom.'

6

b. This case may yield other senses equivalent to by reason of,' 'for,' &c.; as, मे छिद्रेषु ‘through my faults;' चार: परराष्ट्राणाम् अवलोकने ' a spy is for the sake of examining the territory of one's enemies;' as this is the time for battle;' उपदेश अनादर: 'disregard for advice;' का चिन्ता मरणे रणे ' What anxiety about dying in battle!' 'I think the time has come for escaping;'

पुत्रस्य अनुमते ' with the consent of a son.’

c. It is also used in giving the meaning of a root; as, e cia‘the root

grah is in taking,' i. e. conveys the idea of 'taking.'

d. In native grammars it expresses followed by;' thus fofa

thing having an indicatory n follows.' So again, 7W TU

means 'when any

Jenù efs ‘in

the room of m final in a word followed by any consonant (hal) there is Anusvára.' e. The locative case is often used absolutely; see 840.

SYNTAX OF NOUNS OF TIME.

820. When reference is made to any particular division of time, the instrumental case is usually required; as, fafr : ‘in three years;' द्वादशभिर् मासै: ' in twelve months ;' क्षणेन ' in an instant;’

कियता कालेन ' In how long time?" वर्षशतै: ' in hundreds of years ;' कालपर्यायेण (or simply कालेन ) ' in process of time;' मासेन ' in a month;' मासमात्रेण ' in the space of a month ;' एतावता कालेन ' in so much time.'

821. When to duration of time, the accusative case is generally used; as, क्षणं ‘ for a moment ; अनेककालं ' for a long time;' कियन्तं कालं 'for some time ;' एकं मासं 'for one month ;' विंशतिं मासान ' for twenty months;' डो मासौ ' for two months ;' वर्षशतं ' for a hundred years; शाखती: समा: 'to all eternity; शतं वर्षाणि 'for a hundred years; fa elf for many days.' The instrumental, however, is sometimes used in this sense, and to express other relations of time ; as, द्वादशभिर् वर्षेर् बाणिज्यं कृत्वा 'having traded for twelve years ; कतिपय दिवसै: ' for a few days:' and even the genitive; as, चिरस्य कालस्य .. ( or simply चिरस्य ) ' for a long time ;' कतिपयाहस्य ' after a few days.'

822. When any particular day or epoch is referred to, as the date on which any action has taken place or will take place, the locative may be employed ; as, कस्मिंश्चिद् दिवसे ' on a certain day ;' तृतीये दिवसे 'on the third day;' sf on the twelfth day;' 'seventeen days from this time,' a: awen szfa. Or sometimes the accusative; as, सप्तदशे यां रात्रिं ते दूताः प्रविशन्ति स्म पुरीं तां रात्रिं भरतेन स्वप्नो दृष्ट: ' on the night

when the ambassadors entered the city, on that night a dream was seen by Bharata.'

a. The adverbs at 731 may often be found expressing relations of time ; as, षण्मासाद् or परं ' after six months ;' घण्मासेन or परमासा

six months ago;' or (employing the locative absolute)

पूर्ण वर्षसहस्रे ' after a thousand years.’

NOUNS OF PLACE AND DISTANCE.

823. Nouns expressive of distance between two places' (according to Carey) may be in the nominative; as, कृष्णः शतं क्रोशाः सोमनाथात् Krishna is a hundred kos from Somanáth.' 'Space' may also be expressed by the accusative; as, योजनं ' for a yojana ;' क्रोशं गिरि: ' a hill for a kos' or by the instrumental; as,

having gone

for a kos.' The place' in which any thing is done is expressed by the locative; as, fag in Vidarbha.'

SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES.

Accusative after the Adjective.

824. Adjectives formed from desiderative bases govern an accu

Ꮓ Ꮓ 2

sative ; as, स्वगृहं जिगमिषु: 'desirous of going home;' पुत्त्रम् अभीमुः ' desirous of obtaining a son;'ife: 'desirous of seeing the king.'

Instrumental after the Adjective.

825. Adjectives, or participles used adjectively, expressive of 'want' or 'possession,' require this case; as,

'destitute of wealth;' अर्थैः समायुक्तः ' possessed of riches ;' वारिणा पूर्णो घट: 'a jar full of water.'

826. So also of 'likeness,' ' comparison,' or 'equality;' as, सदृशो लोके न भूतो न भविष्यति 'there has never been, nor will there ever be, any one like him in this world;' arada gera wi‘he reads like a Bráhman;' प्रारम्भः सदृश उदय: ‘his success was equal to his undertakings;' प्राणैः समा पत्नी ' a wife as dear as life ;' दाता अभ्यधिको नृषै: ‘more liberal than (other) kings ;' आदित्येन तुल्य: ' equal to the sun.' These are sometimes joined with a genitive; see 827. b.

Genitive after the Adjective.

827. Adjectives signifying 'dear to, or the reverse, are joined with the genitive; as, राज्ञां प्रिय: ' dear to kings ;' भर्तारः स्त्रीणां प्रियाः — husbands are dear to women ;' न कश्चित् स्त्रीणाम् अप्रिय: 'women dislike nobody;'afn afami ‘he is detestable to his ministers.'

a. Adjectives expressive of 'fear' may govern the genitive or ablative; as, fta: 'afraid of the sage.'

b. Adjectives expressive of 'equality,' 'resemblance,'' similitude,' often require this case as well as the instrumental; thus, सर्वस्य सम: ' equal to all ;' तस्य अनुरूपः ‘like him;’ चन्द्रस्य कल्पः ‘like the moon;' न तस्य तुल्यः कश्चन 'nobody is equal to him.' Compare 826.

c. So also other adjectives; as, परोपदेश: सर्वेषां सुकरः नृणां ' giving advice to others is easy to all men ;' सुखानाम् उचित: 'worthy of happiness;' उचितः क्लेशानां ' capable of toil ;' प्रमाणात् परिहीन: 'destitute of proof ;' अज्ञातं धृतराष्ट्रस्य 'unknown to Dhrita-ráshtra.'

Locative after the Adjective.

828. Adjectives, or participles used adjectively, expressive of 'power' or ' ability,' are joined with this case; as, wwf a Gy: — horses able for the journey ;' महति शत्रौ क्षमो राजा ' a king who is a match for a great enemy ;' अशक्ता गृहकरणे शक्ता गृहभञ्जने ‘unable to build a house, but able to demolish one.'